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Google owned advertising software Adsense seems to have effectively acted in a sensorship role on the www.inlnews.com website, 

    by refusing to approve  a Google Adsense Advertising Account  for the www.inlnews.com website, which has been well established over the last 15 years,
    as a well known and well used International News and Information Wesite, where all forms of interesting and sometimes contraversal news and information is provided and discussed,
    to anyone wanting to access such news and information of the www.inlnews.com website.

     www.inlnews.com has a worldwide internet user ranking of around 900,000 in China, out of in excess of 8 billion websites on the World Wide Web.
     www.inlnews.com has a worldwide internet user ranking of around 300,000 in the World Wide Web News and Media Category, out of in excess of 8 billion websites on the World Wide Web.
     www.inlnews.com has taken 15 years to establish these World Wide Web Ranking. 

     All the web searches made on the www.inlnews.com website are purely organic, and are not as a result of any paid advertising to Google or anyone else to obtain its worldwide global ranking. 

     The world wide global Internet Ranking of www.inlnews is purely organic web searches, because people around the world want to look at and read the news and information on the www.inlnews.com website.

     It is also noted that around seven years ago there were hundreds of www.inlnews.com web links on Google covering hundreds on different news and information subjects,

     that the www.inlnews.com website covers if one just typed in "INLNews" into a Google Web Search..

     ... at the time www.inlnews.com  was heading to be under  the 10,000th top website on the world wide web.

      Then overnight Google decided to cancel all these hundreds of www.inlnews.com Google Web Links for hundreds on different subject matter we searches.

    There was obviously some very powerful people in Google that was extremely concerned about the fast improving world wide global rank of the www.innews.com web site, 

     so these powerful people inside Goolge decided that immediate action had to be taken ... to stop the fast improving World Wide Global rank of the www.inlnews.com website...

     It is believed that  the reason why all the 

  
 

hundreds of www.inlnews.com web links on Google were removed overnight from the Google Search Engine was to to stop the fast improving World Wide Global rank of the www.inlnews.com website

  
 


    It has taken the last 7 years for www.inlnews.com from Google cancelling all these hundreds of www.inlnews.com Google Web Links 

  
 
for hundreds of web Google Web Search Links on different subject matters, to try and recover its World Wide Global Rank..

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Click here to view new disturbing and shocking revelations in 1993 Waco Seige in Texas See the full set of videos that exposes the truth of what happened at Waco and who in the USA Government covered up the murder of over 80 people http://www.usaweeklynews.com/WacoSeigeShockingTruth.php

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    "Provocative, frightening, informative, humorous- Your view and knowledge of the way the legal, police, political, public trustee business circles operate in Western Australia will never be the same.. after reading these volumes...A must real for present and budding legal eagles, police, politicians, litigants in person, anyone interested in and/or studying the law or the legal system, high school students, also anyone wanting to search for the truth and/or just interested in a book that is about a unique situation where one takes on City Hall which has unlimited resources and gives them a run for it's  money - with little and very little resources to fight City Hall with. It has been described as a real David V Goliath affair, and also described by Ian Wilson, Western Australian solicitor, as one of the greatest legal debacles he has ever seen in his legal practice.  Ian Wilson tried to negotiate an amicable settlement many years ago without success. The Public Trustee and the Western Australian Government felt there were simply too powerful and untouchable to bother with negotiating in a reasonable manner. Now they are among 69 respondents, including judges, magistrate, senior police, senior prosecutors, senior politicians, well known lawyers and barristers, public trustee accountants and managers, court officers etc., being sued in The Australian Federal Court  for conspiracy to defraud the Carew-Reid Family, who are asking $100 million in damages.. Volume 2-Edition 3 is about 1,100 pages plus photos........" Australian Weekend News publishers of The Triumph of Truth (Who's Watching The Watchers?) 
    The Triumph of Truth (Who Is Watching The Watchers?) by Stephen Carew-Reid volumes one to nine, original manuscripts of the first 8 volumes stolen by Queensland Police in Australia to try and cover up the information in these volumes
    and illegally removed from the Western Australian Batye Resource Library without any court order from pressure from State Government Law Office
    http://usaweeklynews.com/TriumphOfTruth_Book.php       http://www.usaweekendnews.com/TriumphOfTruthBookStolen.html
    Click here to check the strange justice in Australia http://usaweeklynews.com/Mickleberg_Conspiracy.php

     

    I must have upset some in powerful places when I help investigation corruption in the Australian Political, Freemason, Legal, Court, Prosecution, Police, Prison, Public Trustee, media and business world when I helped Stephen Carew-Reid with his nine volumes of The Triumph of Truth (Who's Watching The Watchers?) when the firtst eight volumes were illegally and wrongly removed destroyed from the Western Australian Batre Library after being purchased with public money, without any court action or court order and also the original manuscripts were stolen by Queensland Detectives Gregrory Stormont and Barry Zerner on behalf of the the powerful people in the Australian Political, Freemason, Legal, Court, Prosecution, Police, Prison, Public Trustee, media and business world and Queensland Government ..at the same tried tried to lock up the author Stephen Carew-Reid ina menal institution to stop him speaking out and destroy the creditabity of what was written in his books..then after I sent it my investition reports tot he Queensland Government..25 police were sacked which I thought was a great idea as this will save the Queensland Governmen $1 million a year in paying salaries to corrupt police that are committting more crimes than they are solving... and now the Queensland Government faces a $100 millin wirt for damages..unless they take the oppportnity selttle out of court with a resonable offer before the court action commences.

      See You All Soon in My Favourite USA Newspaper

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      Please help find Maddy the world's favourite girl          
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    "Provocative, frightening, informative, humorous- Your view and knowledge of the way the legal, police, political, public trustee business circles operate in Western Australia will never be the same.. after reading these volumes...A must real for present and budding legal eagles, police, politicians, litigants in person, anyone interested in and/or studying the law or the legal system, high school students, also anyone wanting to search for the truth and/or just interested in a book that is about a unique situation where one takes on City Hall which has unlimited resources and gives them a run for it's  money - with little and very little resources to fight City Hall with. It has been described as a real David V Goliath affair, and also described by Ian Wilson, Western Australian solicitor, as one of the greatest legal debacles he has ever seen in his legal practice.  Ian Wilson tried to negotiate an amicable settlement many years ago without success. The Public Trustee and the Western Australian Government felt there were simply too powerful and untouchable to bother with negotiating in a reasonable manner. Now they are among 69 respondents, including judges, magistrate, senior police, senior prosecutors, senior politicians, well known lawyers and barristers, public trustee accountants and managers, court officers etc., being sued in The Australian Federal Court  for conspiracy to defraud the Carew-Reid Family, who are asking $100 million in damages.. Volume 2-Edition 3 is about 1,100 pages plus photos........" Australian Weekend News publishers of The Triumph of Truth (Who's Watching The Watchers?) 
    The Triumph of Truth (Who Is Watching The Watchers?) by Stephen Carew-Reid volumes one to nine, original manuscripts of the first 8 volumes stolen by Queensland Police in Australia to try and cover up the information in these volumes
    and illegally removed from the Western Australian Batye Resource Library without any court order from pressure from State Government Law Office
    http://usaweeklynews.com/TriumphOfTruth_Book.php       http://www.usaweekendnews.com/TriumphOfTruthBookStolen.html
    Click here to check the strange justice in Australia http://usaweeklynews.com/Mickleberg_Conspiracy.php

     

    I must have upset some in powerful places when I help investigation corruption in the Australian Political, Freemason, Legal, Court, Prosecution, Police, Prison, Public Trustee, media and business world when I helped Stephen Carew-Reid with his nine volumes of The Triumph of Truth (Who's Watching The Watchers?) when the firtst eight volumes were illegally and wrongly removed destroyed from the Western Australian Batre Library after being purchased with public money, without any court action or court order and also the original manuscripts were stolen by Queensland Detectives Gregrory Stormont and Barry Zerner on behalf of the the powerful people in the Australian Political, Freemason, Legal, Court, Prosecution, Police, Prison, Public Trustee, media and business world and Queensland Government ..at the same tried tried to lock up the author Stephen Carew-Reid ina menal institution to stop him speaking out and destroy the creditabity of what was written in his books..then after I sent it my investition reports tot he Queensland Government..25 police were sacked which I thought was a great idea as this will save the Queensland Governmen $1 million a year in paying salaries to corrupt police that are committting more crimes than they are solving... and now the Queensland Government faces a $100 millin wirt for damages..unless they take the oppportnity selttle out of court with a resonable offer before the court action commences.

      See You All Soon in My Favourite USA Newspaper

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    The  Great American Novel  the song by by Martyn Joseph
    Also a film being made by the INL News Group called The Great American Novel 
    Promo Video One for the INL News Group's film The Great American Novel
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video One
    Promo Video Three for the INL News Group's film The Great American Novel


     Because the Bilderberg Group runs the world

    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Two



    That, for Example, the U.S. is really a one party system
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Three


     
     with two different factions, though you think it's two parties 
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Four



    President Bil Clinton who was voted in twice as a very popular President who had a public image and still does as the people  representing, being described as the New Domocrat to sort out problem the other party caused...but as to all comes to light now Bill Clinton appears to have been  working with and suported into office by the same groups that the previous and future USA Presidents  were members of and supported by groups like:
    The Bilderberg Group, The Freemasons, The Catholic Mafia, The Trilateral Commission, The Council On Foreign Relations and The Skull and Bone Society etc.
    Note that President Bill Clinton was     Preceded by George H. W. Bush senior 

    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Five
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Six
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Seven
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Eight
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Nine
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Ten
    History Channel_ Secret Societies Video Eleven


    George H. W. Bush
    undefined
    In office
    January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
    Vice President Dan Quayle
    Preceded by Ronald Reagan
    Succeeded by Bill Clinton
    In office
    January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
    President Ronald Reagan
    Preceded by Walter Mondale
    Succeeded by Dan Quayle
    In office
    January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977
    President Gerald Ford
    Preceded by William E. Colby
    Succeeded by Adm. Stansfield Turner
    and 
    Succeeded by George W. Bush 
    Presidency of George W. Bush

    In office
    January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
    Vice President Dick Cheney
    Preceded by Bill Clinton
    Succeeded by Barack Obama
    Born July 6, 1946 (age 63)
    New Haven, Connecticut
    Political party Republican
    Spouse(s) Laura Bush
    Residence Crawford, Texas
    Occupation Businessman (Oil, Baseball),President of the United States
    Religion United Methodist
    Signature undefined
    who are the most well known Presidents to be members of, suported by  and involved heavily by groups like:
    The Bilderberg Group, The Freemasons, The Trilateral Commission, The Council On Foreign Relations and The Skull and Bone Society etc.
    Bill Clinton
    undefined
    In office
    January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
    Vice President Al Gore
    Preceded by George H. W. Bush
    Succeeded by George W. Bush
    As clearly evidenced and described by Western Australia author Stephen Carew-Reid in his series of books called The Triumph of Truth ( Who's Watching The Watchers?)
    power groups such as the Catholic Mafia and the Freemasons, who Stephen Carew-Reid clearly proves is his books,
      Stephen Carew-Reid speaking at a Melbourne High School Old Boys lunchon in Melbourne about his experiences of over 5,000 court hearings in the Magistrates, Local, District, Supreme Federal and High Courts in Australia arguing with the judiciary. Even  though Stephen Carew-Reid has no formal legal qualifications other than a Bachelor of Commerce Degree  in which he majored in law subjects, economic, accounting and business management subjects, he has a lor more actual court room experience in all courts in Australia that all his friends he went to university and school with that became qualified lawyers and has bee up against the best legal grains in the country. When Stephen Carew-Reid  issued his large action for conspiracy to defraud his family and himself for $100 million against 69 of the most influential people and organisation in the legal, political, business, public trustee, government, court, prosecution, police ans other circles in Western Australia in the Federal Court of Australia in Canberra ( the capital city of Australia known as the Australian Capital Territory-ACT) the defendants included Supreme Court Judges, magistrates, senior police, senior crown prosecutors,  senior government and political people,powerful billionaire business people, powerful high level public Trustees, senior accountants, lawyers and barrsiters and others including the John Howard the Prime Minister of Australia at the time. It was this legal action that prompted these powerful people and organisations to take the drastic step of have Stephen Carew-Reid falsely arrested in Canberra and flown to Western Australia by Government Royal Australian Air Forrce (RAAF) plane to an RAAF base at Pierce in Perth Western Australia and taken before a Freemason Judge, Justice Wiliaims who instead of setting a trial date where Stephen Carew-Reid had the opportunity to defend these false charges,against him, Justice Williams made an order to have Stephen Carew-Reid sent to a mental institution to have try and have him permanently declared insane so that he could not longer speak out against these people and what he had said his his books could permanently buried. Stephen Carew-Reid has stated in his new 9th Volume of his book series The Triumph of Truth-Who Is Watching The Watchers, after the first 8 volumes were wrongfully and illegally removed out of the Western Australian State Battye Library and the original manuscripts were stolen by Freemason Queensland Police from a friend's home in the Gold Coast, Queensland in a robbery organised by the Police, that sending some to an insane asylum, as an alternative way than killing that  person, is another method powerful secret society members used to silence a critic that try to publicly expose them.
    "Provocative, frightening, informative, humorous- Your view and knowledge of the way the legal, police, political, public trustee business circles operate in Western Australia will never be the same.. after reading these volumes...A must real for present and budding legal eagles, police, politicians, litigants in person, anyone interested in and/or studying the law or the legal system, high school students, also anyone wanting to search for the truth and/or just interested in a book that is about a unique situation where one takes on City Hall which has unlimited resources and gives them a run for it's  money - with little and very little resources to fight City Hall with. It has been described as a real David V Goliath affair, and also described by Ian Wilson, Western Australian solicitor, as one of the greatest legal debacles he has ever seen in his legal practice.  Ian Wilson tried to negotiate an amicable settlement many years ago without success. The Public Trustee and the Western Australian Government felt there were simply too powerful and untouchable to bother with negotiating in a reasonable manner. Now they are among 69 respondents, including judges, magistrate, senior police, senior prosecutors, senior politicians, well known lawyers and barristers, public trustee accountants and managers, court officers etc., being sued in The Australian Federal Court  for conspiracy to defraud the Carew-Reid Family, who are asking $100 million in damages.. Volume 2-Edition 3 is about 1,100 pages plus photos........" Australian Weekend News publishers of The Triumph of Truth (Who's Watching The Watchers?) 
    The Triumph of Truth (Who Is Watching The Watchers?) by Stephen Carew-Reid volumes one to nine, original manuscripts of the first 8 volumes stolen by Queensland Police in Australia to try and cover up the information in these volumes
    and illegally removed from the Western Australian Batye Resource Library without any court order from pressure from State Government Law Office
    http://usaweeklynews.com/TriumphOfTruth_Book.php       http://www.usaweekendnews.com/TriumphOfTruthBookStolen.html
    Click here to check the strange justice in Australia http://usaweeklynews.com/Mickleberg_Conspiracy.php
    I understand that is the way the former Chief of the CIB, Donald Hancock loved to refer to himself, using the monicker, Hard Man. In fact nothing could be further from the truth. This bloke was best referred to as a businessman licensed to carry arms. His main claim to fame was the fact he had the Mickelberg brothers convicted of the Mint Swindle. History has now seen them exonerated and paid compensation. Instead of taking the way of the hard men, Hancock and his cohorts took the short easy way. There was not enough evidence for a conviction, so take the law into your own hands and manufacture some! There were two competing sets of rules for this high ranking and highly rank cop, one for him and his feckless lot and another for the rest of the community. Cop it sweet.Infamously Hancock was once recorded by Ray and Peter Mickelberg on a covert tape that is illuminating of his techniques, bullying and scornful disregard for lawful conduct. It was played to the High Court of Australia.Hancock went to his grave as the only murder suspect over the shooting of a man in the back from ambush at night in the dark from a distance, all allegedly over a few words to a barmaid. The barmaid was Hancock’s daughter working in the family pub. There was a farcical inquiry led by his old drinking buddies and as they went round and round the garden like pet ducks all the evidence disappeared and Hancock walked away, free.
    Mint robbers were framed Sydney Morning Herald By Liza Kappelle June 11 2002
    A former police officer has admitted that he and another detective lied and faked evidence during the trial of the Mickelberg brothers for the Perth Mint gold swindle 20 years ago. The West Australian Attorney-General, Jim McGinty, said yesterday that Anthony Lewandowski had given an affidavit to the Director of Public Prosecutions admitting he and the former CIB chief Don Hancock, who was murdered last year, had lied and fabricated evidence to convict the Mickelbergs. Raymond, Peter and Brian Mickelberg were convicted in 1983 of swindling $650,000 worth of gold from the mint. Raymond, a former SAS soldier, was released from jail in 1991 after serving eight years of a 20-year sentence. Peter served six years of a 14-year sentence. Brian Mickelberg had his conviction overturned after nine months in jail. He died in a helicopter crash in 1986. 


    As clearly evidenced and described by Western Australia author Stephen Carew-Reid in his series of books called The Triumph of Truth ( Who's Watching The Watchers?)
    power groups such as the Catholic Mafia and the Freemasons, who Stephen Carew-Reid clearly proves is his books, have controlled  Western Australian political, social and economic life is Western Australia since it was settled by the British in the late 1880's. As can be seen by reading Stephen Carew-Reid's series of books called The Triumph of Truth ( Who's Watching The Watchers? these powerful groups have also use the same method of backing both  both political parties when it suits they to make sure one of their people obtain power. This is has been a well proven successful method over centuries to control the outcome of elections while make  the general public truly believe that their vote makes a difference. The idea is that one party with a particular leader and support staff make decision that become unpopular tit he general public so that a change of parties is demanded by the voters at the next election. Then these powerful groups simply find a suitable candidate in main alternative party and put their main financial support in getting that candidate elected with slogans like "It's time For A Change" etc. It is all rather easy for them to do this when the time is right. It is easy fro them to judge the mood of the public when the public simply have had enough of the old leader making bad decisions and demand a change. It all looks like a real change publicly, but behind the scenes the all the different lo leaders controlling the different political parties  all have the same boss. The publicly elected  leaders appear to be running the country but behind the scenes the country in run by the faceless controllers of the secret societies such as 
    The Bilderberg Group, The Freemasons, The Catholic Mafia, The Trilateral Commission, The Council On Foreign Relations and The Skull and Bone Society etc.
    In reality running the a country like the USA and other countries is just a business for them and the president is their appointed managing director of that particular company they call USA Limited. The controllers of the secret societies are the shareholders, as with all companies have the real power, When a director,president, prime minister etc either becomes too unpopular ot be able to effectively run the company and/or does not do what they say, the director,president, prime minister etc is organised to either have that person removed by the people by having another director elected from the other political party, or he is quietly asked to resign for ill health etc, and if he refuses to resign, they either have an assassination attempt on his life to give him a clear warning as to what will be next, or if the situation is urgent is is actually assassinated as in the case of John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy.

    John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35thPresident of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.After Kennedy's military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 during World War II in the South Pacific, his aspirations turned political. With the encouragement and grooming of his father, Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as aDemocrat, and served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election, one of the closest in American history. He was the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), the first President born in the 20th century, and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43. Kennedy is the first and only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of theVietnam War.

    Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before he could be put on trial. The FBI, the Warren Commission, and theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Oswald was the assassin, with the HSCA allowing for the probability of conspiracy based on disputed acoustic evidence. The event proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions. Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U.S. presidents.

    John F. Kennedy

    In office
    January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
    Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
    Preceded by Dwight D. Eisenhower
    Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson
    In office
    January 3, 1953 – December 22, 1960
    Preceded by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
    Succeeded by Benjamin A. Smith
    Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
    from Massachusetts's 11th district
    In office
    January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953
    Preceded by James Michael Curley
    Succeeded by Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr.
    Then the vice president who is actually working for the secret societies automacily becomes president and then it is business as usual, with one of their men in power to on behalf  the secret societies, know will tow the line and do what they say. The fact is that John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy was appointed and working with another powerful secret society that has lost a lot of its power in recent years, even though still very powerful called the "Catholic Mafia". Its seems that it is almost impossible to become the president of the USA without working with and being supported by one or more of the powerful secret societies. One needs their money, powerful contacts and personal protection to become the president of the USA. It seems a pipe dream that an individual with genuine aims and ideals for the population can just put his hand up and say, "hey I ma a good guy who wants it fix things for everyone and I want ot be president of the USA" without to support of one or more of these power secret societies. If he or she tried, they would either run out of money, be created to be some sort of monster by the main stream press  which is controlled by the secret societies such as Rupert Murdoch and his all powerful News Corp media machine, Conrad Black, before he went to prison for fraud, be quietly warned that his family,, friends and himself is in physical danger, have a nasty accident like a plane crash, motor car accident , be poisened by an undetectable drug in htheir dring that gives you a heart attack a couple of days later without any trace of the drug that causes a heart attack ( as happen to Lorry Connel a Western Australian Business man who threatened to expose all his powerful backers (see Stephen Carew-Reid's books The Triumph of Truth -Who is Watching The Watchers?) etc or simply have them shot..as they say "there are many ways to skin a cat"

    Ronald Reagan
    undefined
    In office
    January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
    Vice President George H. W. Bush
    Preceded by Jimmy Carter
    Succeeded by George H. W. Bush
    Jimmy Carter
    undefined
    In office
    January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
    Vice President Walter Mondale
    Preceded by Gerald Ford
    Succeeded by Ronald Reagan

    If you look at who has been the president of the USA since the 1970's we have Jimmy Carter who was working for  and supported by the powerful secret societies, then Ronal Regan who started off potentially being  a loose cannon tot he Secret Society Bosses, having originally stated publicly that if he was elected president of the USA he would have secret societies investigated and would  not allow George W Bush to be in his team, yet suddenly turned around and announced George W Bush as his running mate as his vice president if elected, and a few months after he was elected there was an assassination attempt of his life. So form that time on Ronald Regan would have towed the line tot he Secret Society Bosses and was in effect a" lame duck president" waiting for the time when George W Bush took over as President of the USA. The rest is history, George W Bush become president of the USA, the Bill Clinton, and then George Bush Junior, who were all clearly working for and supported by the bosses of the secret societies. Then it was clear that the public was not going to vote for another term of nay president what was representing the Republican Party because George Bush Junior became the most unpopular USA president in history both in and out of the USA. It seems fairly obvious that the secret society bosses only put up John McCain to run for president for the USA on behalf of the Republican Party, so there was someone for Hillary Clinton and/or Barrack Obama to run against, and put very little money behind his presidential campaign as they knew he would lose anyway. Because of obvious al well publicised public back lash against the polices of George Bush Junior and the Republican Party, no matter who run against John McCain and the Republican Party, they Democtratic Party had to win the 2009 USA Presidential Election, it was just a matter by how many votes.

    It is clear that Hillary Clinton works along with Bill Clinton for the Secret Society bosses and completely own their wealth and power and constant protection against all forms of private and/or public attacks, from very humble beginnings to these people. It is noted that even tough Hillary Clinton did to win the presidential nomination race against Barrack Obama on behalf of the Democratic party, Hillary Clinton was quickly appointed, by Barrack Obama tot he most senior and most powerful public office as Secretary of State. there can be no doubt that orders came form above ( the bosses of the secret societies) to have Hillary Clinton appoint as Secretary of State, so that she is in the While House anyway in a most powerful position. In may ways Hilliary Clinon has potentially as much or more power than tha Presiednt Barrch Obama without having to take any of the political backlash if any of the politicla polcies cause major public problems. All bad public press for any of the Domocratic Party policies will all fall on Barrack Obama, not Hillary linont, even thjoygh tghe posies migth well have been suggested by Hillary Clinton on behalf of teh Secret Society Bosses.

    Again, one has to say, even if Barrack Obama appears to be genuine and wanting to do the right thing by the people of the USA and the world in general as the man in charge of the most powerful position in the world, as president ( Director of USA Limited on behalf of the Secret Society Bosses) of the USA, one has to "believe in fairies" if you think for one minute, one way or another Barrack Obama's sudden rise to fame, power,  and fortune, to be appointed to the most powerful job in the world, has not in some way been agreed upon, ordained and/or supported in some way by the bosses of the secret societies. Even if Barrack Obama appears to be his owen man to a great extent, one has to look closely at the people that are in his senior administration to see who much Barrack Obama can be his own man and carry on running the USA without listening to what the powerful bosses of the secret societies tell him to do.  This can be done is a very  suttle manner without Barrach Obmama know who and where these policies suggestion and ideas come from as they can all be introduced to him by his mist senior advisor Hillary Clinton and no doubt others in his a senior administration who have been appointed because of their close links,or membership of the secret.

    As Stephen Carew-Reid also clearly shows in his series of books called The Triumph of Truth ( Who's Watching The Watchers?) power groups such as the Bilderberg Group, the Skull and Bones Society, The Freemasons, the Catholic Mafia, the Trilateral Commission and the Council On Foriegn Relations, who Stephen Carew-Reid clearly proves is his books, (See: http://www.usaweeklynews.com/TriumphOfTruth_Book.php   - http://www.whoiswatchingthewatchers.com/  http://usaweekendnews.com/TriumphOfTruthBookStolen.html )  often make sure that their selected people are appointed to senior public service positions in a new government, who can not be sacked by the people once they are appointed, are not in the public lime light when it comes ot policy decisions and any back lash over them, but on a day ot day basis are the ones really running the country, as the president , prime minister, managing director, what ever name they have as head person of the country is simply too busy attending public meetings and being the public face of the running of the country to be actually running the county. They have to rely on the senior public servants to do most if not all of the work, and make many day to day decisions , and also rely on them for policy suggestions and investigations reports to support such suggested policy decisions etc. Author Stephen Carew-Reid argues in his books that the reality of the situation is that is in most large government, semi-government and/or private organisations, the second in charge and or senior advisor assistant ends up being the real controller, while the head person is out attending all the official public meeting, dinners, flying all around the would, leaving all  the and day to day running of the organisation and all the real work and decisions to me done and  made be the second in charge.

    In the real world one does not have to be a conspiracy advocate to have the view  running the world has  become one big business, with each  county being in effect a separate subsidiary company to the heard company that controls all the major lending to these countries to the tune of  hundreds of trillions of dollars and the appointed heads of major countries  are in effect the locally appointed director to help control the local operation. Those that have ownership and control of the major lending groups that have put most  countries, big and small into debt to them for hundreds of Trillions of dollars need to make sure this debt is managed to their satisfaction. This is just normal business as far as they are concerned. Thus it makes common sense that they would not want to have their  biggest company USA Limited and effectively Head office run by people they have not approved of. However, As the people of the USA have to be seen to have the voting power to to decide who is elected as their president of the USA, they have to pay what ever game they need to play to satisfy the peoples wishes and their own at the same time. They thus have to use secret societies like the Skull and Bones Society, the Freemansons, the Council on Foreign Relatations, the Bilderberg Group and other methods like the Rhodes Scholarship ( considered to be one of the most prestigious and elite educations scholarships in the world) to groom, analyse,select, and/or weed out  those suitable and/or not suitable for their future person to put in powerful positions as senior judges, prime ministers, presidents, senior public servants. police comissioners etc. So when the tie comes they have hundreds, if not thousands of people in all walks of life, social, religious, political and economic standing, that have been groomed and selected and ready and willing and able to serve their cause in return for fame, power, public social standing and financial wealth far beyond their wildest dreams for themselves and their families. The families and people  in charge of these secret societies use education organisations like the prestigious Rhodes Scholarship to select the brightest students at a young and impressionable age of 18-20 to attend a sort of finishing school university where their minds and brainwashed in a very suttle way into believing the common cause of these in charge of the secrete societies and make all the right connections at a young age to be used as they progress in society to eventually become a leader in their field. whether it be a senior justice, a prime minister, president, commissioner of police and/or some other senior public servant or powerful businessman and/or business woman in society. The clever part of al this is that those being groomed have no idea they are being groomed and manipulated and it all happens in a very natural way and they end up all mixing with only those that believe and support the same ideals and not mixing in the wider population where they may be influenced to thinking in other ways. 

    In the real world one does not have to be a conspiracy advocate to have the view  running the world has  become one big business, with each county being in effect a separate subsidiary company to the heard company that controls all the major lending to these countries to the tune of  hundreds of trillions of dollars and the appointed heads of major countries  are in effect the locally appointed director to help control the local operation. Those that have ownership and control of the major lending groups that have put most  countries, big and small into debt to them for hundreds of Trillions of dollars need to make sure this debt is managed to their satisfaction. This is just normal business as far as they are concerned. Thus it makes common sense that they would not want to have their  biggest company USA Limited and effectively Head office run by people they have not approved of. However, As the people of the USA have to be seen to have the voting power to to decide who is elected as their president of the USA, they have to pay what ever game they need to play to satisfy the peoples wishes and their own at the same time. They thus have to use secret societies like the Skull and Bones Society, the Freemansons, the Council on Foreign Relatations, the Bilderberg Group and other methods like the Rhodes Scholarship ( considered to be one of the most prestigious and elite educations scholarships in the world) to groom, analyse,select, and/or weed out  those suitable and/or not suitable for their future person to put in powerful positions as senior judges, prime ministers, presidents, senior public servants. police comissioners etc. So when the tie comes they have hundreds, if not thousands of people in all walks of life, social, religious, political and economic standing, that have been groomed and selected and ready and willing and able to serve their cause in return for fame, power, public social standing and financial wealth far beyond their wildest dreams for themselves and their families. The families and people  in charge of these secret societies use education organisations like the prestigious Rhodes Scholarship to select the brightest students at a young and impressionable age of 18-20 to attend a sort of finishing school university where their minds and brainwashed in a very suttle way into believing the common cause of these in charge of the secrete societies and make all the right connections at a young age to be used as they progress in society to eventually become a leader in their field. whether it be a senior justice, a prime minister, president, commissioner of police and/or some other senior public servant or powerful businessman and/or business woman in society. The clever part of al this is that those being groomed have no idea they are being groomed and manipulated and it all happens in a very natural way and they end up all mixing with only those that believe and support the same ideals and not mixing in the wider population where they may be influenced to thinking in other ways.

    Please note much of the above ideas and infromation has been extracted from the series of Books written by Stephen Carew-Reid called "The Triumph of Truth -Who Is Watching the Watchers?" which were considered so contraversial and so damaging to the powerful people he has written about in these books, involved in the secret socities is Western Australia, and the Western Australian Government, corrupt judges, magistrates, senior barristers, lawyers, court officers, senior police, corrupt business people, corrupt public trustee and government lawyers and barristers and other powerful people in the main two secret societies running Western Australia being the Freemasons and the Catholic Mafia, that even though the books have been purchased with public money by the State Batye Resource Library for Western Australia, without any court order of any sort and/or even a court application even being apllied for, senior Western Australian State Crown Law Officers attended the State Batye Resource Library for Western Australia with an "off the record conversation", and demanded to the State Librarian that agreed ot purchas ethe books originally for teh library, to have all copies of these books the state libray purchased destroyed, and all traces of these books taken off the Libray computers and records, so that no traces of these bookswill ever  show as ever having being in the libray and/or purchased by the library. Thn a sort time later the original manuscripts o fthese books,that were just about to beused to be made into a series of movies, television documentaries where stolen by the Queensland Police, who were also Freemasons. Corrupt authorites in Australian flew Stephen Carew-Reid from Canberra by Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) cargo plane in company of 60 SAS commandoes to Western Australian Pierce Airforce Base, where he was attempting to get court orders from the Federal and High Courts of Australia, to protect himself from corrupt officials in Western Australia. When Stephen Carew-Reid arrived on Fruday afternoon at RAAF Base at Pirce, he was taken to a polci elickupo in East Pert, Western Australia, held in ustody without any medical assistance in a small conrete cell. Then, on the Monday morning taken in front of a Freemasin Judge Justice Williams, where  a false false charges  where loaid against him that had no legal and/or factual basis, who said "You do not look very well today Mr Carew-Reid, so I will make orders that you be sent to Graylands Mental Insitution to have you assessed my doctors to see his you are mentally fit to stand trial for these charges" ,in an attemot to have him declared insane. Threw the Grace of God, what is right and the greater power of the universe as explained in his latest volume of the Triumph of Truth -Who is Watching The Watchers? Stephen Carew-Reid describes how he servived all this to write his nineth  volume of his book form the USA where he now lives with his brother who moved there in 1980, The Triumph of Truth - Who Is Watching the Watchers?, of which a copy has been provided ot INL News.com prior to formal publishing of the book in early 2010.

    William Jefferson Blythe, III, in 1950 at age four. Known at the time as Billy, he did not formally adopt his stepfather's name until age fourteen.

    Bill Clinton Boyhood Home inHope, Arkansas
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    Clinton attended the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University inWashington D.C., receiving a degree in 1968, during which he ran for Presidentof the Student Council.
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    Clinton, as the newly electedGovernor of Arkansas meeting with President Jimmy Carter in 1978..

    Governor and Mrs. Clinton attend the Dinner Honoring the Nation's Governors in the White House with President Ronald Reagan and first ladyNancy Reagan, 1987. Though Governor Clinton had little to do with national politics at the time, Hillary Rodham had, several years previously, clashed over Legal Services Corporation funding with President Reagan as the organization's chair, a position she was appointed to by President Carter.
    Bill Clinton with Ross Perot, Independent, and President George H. W. Bush, Republican, in a national debate.
    Clinton's official White House portrait.
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    Bill Clinton with AmbassadorHarry Schwarz who negotiated lifting the remaining sanctions onSouth Africa
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    Clinton receiving the 2000Charlemagne Prize for his work toward European integration.
    The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquistpresiding..
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    Clinton reading with a child in Chicago, September, 1998.
    Hillary Clinton re-enacts being sworn in as a U.S. Senator by Vice President Gore as Bill and Chelsea Clinton observe.
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    Clinton with former PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush in January 2005.
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    Clinton, along with George W. Bush, Laura Bush, George H. W. Bush, Condoleezza Rice, andAndrew Card pay their respects to Pope John Paul II before the pope's funeral.
    Clinton speaking at a rally for his wife at Dickinson College.
    Statue of Clinton playing golf
    William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park, Little Rock, Arkansa

    William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He was the third-youngest president; only Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy were younger when entering office. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and as he was born in the period after World War II, he is known as the first Baby Boomer president His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. She was previously a United States Senator from New York, and also candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008. Both are graduates of Yale Law School. Clinton was described as a New Democrat and was largely known for the Third Way philosophy of governance that came to epitomize his two terms as president. His policies, on issues such as the North American Free Trade Agreementand welfare reform, have been described as centrist Clinton presided over the longest period of peace-time economic expansion in American history, which included a balanced budget and a reported federal surplus. Based on Congressional accounting rules, at the end of his presidency Clinton reported a surplus of $559 billion. On the heels of a failed attempt at health care reform with a Democratic Congress, Republicans won control of the House of Representatives for the first time in forty years Two years later, in 1996, Clinton was re-elected and became the first member of the Democratic Party since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second term as president Later he wasimpeached for obstruction of justice, but was subsequently acquitted by the U.S. Senate. Clinton left office with an approval rating at 66%, the highest end of office rating of any president since World War II. Since then, he has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to promote and address international causes such as treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2004, he released his autobiography My Life, and was involved in his wife Hillary's 2008 presidential campaign and subsequently in that of President Barack Obama. In 2009, he was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti.

    Early life and career

     Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe, III, in Hope, Arkansas. His father, William Jefferson Blythe, Jr., was a traveling salesmanwho died in an automobile accident three months before Bill was born Following his birth, in order to study nursing, his mother Virginia Dell Cassidy (1923–1994), traveled to New Orleans, leaving Bill in Hope with grandparents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and operated a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States were racially segregated, Bill's grandparents sold goods oncredit to people of all racial groups In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and shortly thereafter married Roger Clinton, who together with his brother owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas  The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950.

    Although he assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Billy (as he was known then) turned fourteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather Clinton says he remembers his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and, at times, his half-brother Roger, Jr. Clinton intervened multiple times with the threat of violence in order to protect them.

    In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School - where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician He was in the chorus and played the tenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band'ssaxophone section. He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in hisautobiography My Life:

    "Sometime in my sixteenth year I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official. I loved music and thought I could be very good, but I knew I would never be John Coltrane or Stan Getz. I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor, but I knew I would never be Michael DeBakey. But I knew I could be great in public service."

    In 1963, two influential moments in Clinton's life contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit to the White House to meet President John F. Kennedy, as a Boys Nation senator.The other was listening to Martin Luther King's 1963 I Have a Dream speech (he memorized Dr. King's words).

    With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., receiving a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (B.S. F.S.) degree in 1968. He spent the summer of 1967, the summer before his senior year, working as an intern for Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright.[15] While in college he became a brother of Alpha Phi Omegaand was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Clinton was also a member of Youth Order of DeMolay, but he never actually became aFreemason. He is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi's National Honorary Band Fraternity, Inc. Upon graduation he won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics, though as a result of switching programs and leaving early for Yale, he did not obtain a degree there. He developed an interest in rugby union, playing at Oxford and later for the Little Rock Rugby club in Arkansas. While at Oxford he also participated in Vietnam Warprotests, including organizing an October 1969 Moratorium event.In later life he admitted to smoking cannabis at the university, but famously claimed that he "never inhaled".

    During his college years, Clinton's political opponents claim he used the political influence of a U.S. Senator who employed him as an aide to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War.Col. Eugene Holmes, an Army officer who was involved in Clinton's case, issued a notarized statement during the 1992 presidential campaign: "...I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fullbright's office that Bill Clinton, a Rhodes Scholar, should be admitted to the ROTC program... I believe that he purposely deceived me, using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification." Clinton did not join the ROTC program, but the temporary ROTC status prevented him from being drafted. This was not illegal, but it became a source of criticism from conservatives and some Vietnam veterans. After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and obtained a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1973. While at Yale, he began dating law student Hillary Rodham, who was a year ahead of him. They married on October 11, 1975, and their only child, Chelsea, was born on February 27, 1980. During Yale, Clinton took a job with the McGovern campaign and was assigned to lead McGovern's effort in Texas. He spent considerable time in Dallas, Texas, at the McGovern campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue where he had an office. There, Clinton worked with Ron Kirk, who was later elected mayor of Dallas twice, future governor of Texas Ann Richards, and then unknown television director (and future filmmaker) Steven Spielberg.
    The  Great American Novel  by Martyn Joseph
    Click here to listen to the song The Great American Novel

    The Great American Novel
    is also the title of a new movie being made by The Fringe Shows Have Talent Team. Some of their websites are
    www.fringeshowshavetalent.com    www.edinburghfringefest.com

    Click here to here another related song is Stick in Babyoln by Geronimo...


    This sing is one of the songs formt he Emerge Fest Collections Music CD Volume one out on Wijat Records  www.wijatrecords.com
     Also please note that Gerominon's Skull is  one of the skulls that is used in the initiation rituals in Yales famous  Skull and Bones Society
    where many powerful people are gromed for the powerful positions such as presidents of the USA, Bankers and many other powerful positions in society,



     
    History of Secret Societies in America Part 1A

      
    History of Secret Societies in America Part 1B

    This song by Martyn Joseph seems ot sum up a lot of what anti Bilderberg, Trilateral Commission, Council for Foreign Relations, the Skull and Bones Society and the Freemason campainers like Alex Jones and Jil Tucker are trying to say...which also seems ot be the growing sentiment of of many of the American people
    The  Great American Novel 
    by Martyn Joseph
     
     American Union Made Part 1

     
     American Union made Part 2

     
    American Union Made Part three

     


     
     American Union made

    I was born and raised in Norfolk, a land that once was free, In a land that poured it's love out on the morning,
    and I grew up in the shadows..... of your silos filled with grain,  but you never helped to fill my empty spoon....
    When I was ten you murdered law with your court room politics, And you leant to make your lies sound like the truth,
    But I know you better now and I will never fall for all your tricks, You have lost the one advantage of my youth,

    You killed a black man at midnight just for taking to your daughter, Then you made his wife your mistress and you left them without water,
    and the sheets your wore upon your face was the sheets your chidren slept on, every meal time your say a little prayer... 
    you so not beleive but you keep on.. and your money says in God We Trust, Its against the law to pray at a school, 
    You say you beat the Russians to the moon, and I say starved children to do it.

    We're all half way across the ocean now - in wars that aren't our own, Whilst we're winning there's.... we're gonna lose the one at home,
    Do you really think that the only way to bring about some peace - is to sacrifice those chidren and kill all our enemies,
    Politicians they make their speaches, then the newsmen take their notes, they will then exagerate false issues before they shove it down out throats,
    Is it really up to them then if this country sinks or floats,  and I wonder who would lead us there if none of us would vote,

    My lips are chapped and my phone is tapped - I'm just wispering through the fence, you know every move I make or was that just co-incidence
    Do you promise... to make my life just a little less like jail, If I promise to make tapes and slides and send them by email

    Yeh your money says in God We Trust, Its against the law to pray in school, You say you beat the Russians to the moon, yeh well
    I say starved millions to do it.


    You say all men are equal - all men are brothers, Then why are the rich more equal than the others?
    Don't ask me for the answers...I've only found one.. A man needs his darkness when he follows the sun

    Chorus
    Your money says in God We Trust, Its against the law to pray in school,
    You say you beat the Russians to the moon,
    and I say starved children to do it.
    We're all half way across the ocean now - in wars that aren't our own,
    Whilst we're winning there's.... we're losing the one at home,


    Alex Jones the founder of PrisonPlanet.com and Inforwars.com speaking to the participants of the Bilderberg Meeting 10th June, 2008 held in Ottawa, telling them that he and the rest of the human race ar not their slaves and the they will not succeed in their aims to enslave the human race and carry out 80% reduction in population and rule the world with a one world government run by them......Alex Jones attended the Biderberg Meeting in company with


    Jim Tucker ,the well known anti Builderberg Campagner
    who says  he is determinined to make sure the general public know who attendd the Bilderberg Meetings and what their agends is at these meetings...it seems fairly obvious to any outside observer that the organisers and participants of the yearly Bilderberg Meetings which started in 1954 in the Hotel Bilderberg, have been trying desperately to keep these meetings, the participants and the agendas of the meetings as secret as possible.. however a growing group   of interested people are now joining Alex Jones and Jim Tucker at attend all the Bilderberg Meetings, or gte as close to them as hunamly possible to film and document who comes and goes at these Bilderberg Meetings which as can bee seen by the information below are attended by  many of the most powerful and well connected people in business, economic, political and social circles...there is a growing concern by the general public that those involved with organising and attending the Bilderberg meetings and related organisation like the Trilateral Commission, the Council On Foreign Relations and the Freemasons are in reality already a world shadow government, that really runs the world by  manipulating who is elected and/or gains power by other means of most countries in  the world, and controls who economic, social, monetary and political policies that they want each world government leader to put in place in each country..One of the methods even in democracies like the USA, that those involved with organising and attending the Bilderberg meetings and related organisation like the Trilateral Commission, the Council On Foreign Relations and the Freemasons can make sure one of the people they want to be in power in the USA, is elected into office, is  by effectively backing both major parties that are running for election so that no matter which party and or which candidate is finally elected as the President of the USA, that person will be effectively working for them as they have back every candidate and party that has any chance of winning the election. Anyway way of making sure one of their people gain the position of president of the USA is to have one of their people to be selected as the running mate to the potential president elect, and have the actual president assassinated.......is that regard the assassination of President Kennedy making one of their people 

    USA President Lyndon B. Johnson
     a founding senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason,     president comes into serious question.... 

    President Ronald Regan is another example..originally Ronald Regan had made it publicly clear that  he was not going to have George Bush Senior as his running mate because of his membership of secret societies such as  the Bilderberg Meeting and related organisations like the Trilateral Commission, the Council On Foreign Relations and the Freemasons and if elected was going to have an official investigation into secret societies in the USA. .however all of a sudden he changed his mind and announced that he was going to make George Bush Senior his running mate in the Presisential Elections which meant that is Ronald Regan won the USA Presidential Elections and became President of the USA, which he did, that would mean George Bush Senior would automaticly become the Vice President oft eh USA..then not long after Ronald Regan became President of the USA he was shot and had the bullet hit just a few inches .tot he left Ronald Regan would have died and George Bush Senior would have become the uSA President a lot sooner than he did..again... this raises much suspicion as to whether the that those involved with organising and attending the Bilderberg meetings and related organisation like the Trilateral Commission, the Council On Foreign Relations and the Freemasons had anything to do with the successful assassination of President Kenney and the attmpted Assasination of President Ronal Regan.....one has ot wonder if who President Barrack Obama is really working for ... and with that those involved with organising and attending the Bilderberg meetings and related organisation like the Trilateral Commission, the Council On Foreign Relations and the Freemasons were involved behaind the scenes in master minding the success election of President Barrack Obama...





       Secret Societies Clip 2A

      Secret Societies Clip 2B

      Secret Societies Clip 3A


      Secret Societies Clip 3B



      Secret Societies Clip 4A


       Secret Societies Clip 4B


       Bilderberg Group History Clip 2


       Bilderberg Group History Clip 3



       Bilderberg Group History Clip 4

       Bilderberg Group History Clip 5



       Bilderberg Group History Clip 6

    Bill Clinton as Governor of Arkansas

    Further information: Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1978

    After graduating from Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a professor at the University of Arkansas. A year later, he ran for the House of Representatives in 1974. The incumbent, John Paul Hammerschmidt, defeated Clinton by a 52% to 48% margin. Without opposition in the general election, Clinton was elected Arkansas Attorney General in 1976.

    Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1978, having defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe, a farmer from Texarkana. He became the youngest governor in the country at age thirty-two. He worked on educational reform and Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from the Mariel boatlift) detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose ofKingsland in Cleveland County, polled 31% of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat in the general election that year by Republicanchallenger Frank D. White. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history.

    Further information: Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1980

    Clinton joined friend's Bruce Lindsey's law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings, though he spent most of the next two years working on his re-election campaign. Clinton was again elected governor and kept his job for ten years.

    Further information: Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1982

    He helped Arkansas transform its economy and significantly improve the state's educational system. He became a leading figure among the New Democrats The New Democrats, organized within the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) were a branch of the Democratic Party that called for welfare reform and smaller government, a policy supported by both Democrats and Republicans. He served as Chair of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas.

    Clinton made economic growth, job creation and educational improvement high priorities. For senior citizens, he removed the sales tax from medications and increased the home property tax exemption.

    In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee, chaired by Clinton's wife, attorney and Legal Services Corporation chair Hillary Rodham Clinton, succeeded in reforming the education system, transforming it from the worst in the nation, into one of the best. This has been considered by many the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship. Clinton and the committee were responsible for state educational improvement programs, notably more spending for schools, rising opportunities for gifted children, an increase in vocational education, raising of teachers' salaries, inclusion of a wider variety of courses, and mandatory teacher testing for aspiring educators. The Clinton's personal and business affairs during the 1980s included transactions which became the basis of the Whitewater investigation, which dogged his later presidential administration. After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas.

    He defeated a total of four Republican candidates for governor, Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986), and businessmen Woody Freeman of Jonesboro (1984) andSheffield Nelson of Little Rock (1990).

    Democratic presidential primaries of 1988

    In 1987 there was media speculation Clinton would enter the race after then-New York Governor Mario Cuomo declined to run and Democratic front-runner Gary Hart withdrew owing to revelations of marital infidelity. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary Rodham Clinton for governor, initially favored, but ultimately vetoed, by the First Lady) For the nomination, Clinton endorsed Massachusetts GovernorMichael Dukakis. However, he gave the opening night address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, which was nationally televised, but it was criticized for length Presenting himself as a moderate and a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991.,

    1992 presidential campaign

    Due to his youthful appearance he was often called the "Boy Governor". In the first contest, the Iowa caucus, he finished a very distant third to Iowa Senator Tom Harkin. During the campaign for the New Hampshire Primary reports of an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers surfaced. As Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire polls, following the Super Bowl, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on 60 Minutes to refute the charges. Their television appearance was a calculated risk but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in the New Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. On election night, Clinton labeled himself "The Comeback Kid". He ended leading New Hampshire by a large percentage. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the Southern primaries gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California Governor Jerry Brownwas scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside of his native South.

    With no majo Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted the New York primary, which contained a large number of delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City and won, shedding his image as a regional candidate. Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California. Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (43.0% of the vote) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (37.4% of the vote) and billionaire populist Ross Perot, who ran as an independent (18.9% of the vote) on a platform focusing on domestic issues; a significant part of Clinton's success was Bush's steep decline in public approval. Because Bush's approval ratings were in the 80% range during the Gulf War, he was described as unbeatable. However, when Bush compromised with Democrats in an attempt to lower Federal deficits, he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes, hurting his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep. By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to slightly over 40%. Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson addressed Christian themes at the Republican National Convention, with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform, many moderates were alienated. Clinton then pointed to his moderate, "New Democrat" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious. Many Democrats who supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their allegiance to Clinton.

    His election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House, and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress. It was the first time this had occurred since the Jimmy Carter presidency in the late 1970s.

    However, during the campaign questions of conflict of interest regarding state business and the politically powerful Rose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton maintained questions were moot because all transactions with the state were deducted prior to determining Hillary's firm pay. Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents "for the price of one".

    Presidency, 1993–2001

    First term, 1993–1997

    Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. In his inaugural address he declared:

    Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.

    Shortly after taking office, Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. While this action was popular, Clinton's attempt to fulfill another campaign promise of allowing openly homosexual men and women to serve in the armed forces garnered criticism from the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and from the right (who opposed any effort to allow homosexuals to serve). After much debate, Congress implemented the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, stating as long as homosexuals keep their sexuality secret, they may serve in the military. Some gay rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions These advocates feel Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting President Harry Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argue an executive order might have prompted the Democratic Senate to write the exclusion of homosexuals into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future. Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton said he did not think any serious person could say the way the policy was being implemented was not "out of whack. The Clinton administration launched the first official White House website on October 21, 1994 It was followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000. The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, President Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 - Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to fully utilize information technology to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public." Also in 1993, Clinton controversially supported ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement by the U.S. Senate. Clinton, along with most of his Democratic Leadership Committee allies, strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong intra-party disagreement. Opposition chiefly came from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters ofRoss Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes against 200 opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor, 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and 1 independent against). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the President on January 1, 1994.[47] Clinton signed the Brady Bill into law on November 30, 1993, which imposed a five-day waiting period on handgun purchases. He also expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low income workers.[29] One of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda was the result of a taskforce headed by Hillary Clinton, which was a health care reform plan aimed at achieving universal coverage via a national healthcare plan. Though initially well-received in political circles, it was ultimately doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives, the American Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, John F. Harris, a biographer of Clinton's, states the program failed because of a lack of co-ordination within the White House.[29] Despite his party holding a majority in Congress, the effort to create a national healthcare system ultimately died. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration.[3][29] Two months later, after two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress in the mid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years. In August 1993, Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90% of small businesses,[48] and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of taxpayers.[49] Additionally, through the implementation of spending restraints, it mandated the budget be balanced over a number of years. Senators Ted Kennedy, a Democrat, and Orrin Hatch, a Republican, teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997 and succeeded in passing legislation forming the Children's Health Insurance Program, the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That same year Hillary Clinton shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act through Congress and two years later Rodham Clinton succeeded in helping pass the Foster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton supported both bills as well, and signed both of them into law.

    Travelgate controversy

    Main articles: White House travel office controversy and White House FBI files controversy

    When several longtime employees of the White House Travel Office were fired, the White House travel office controversy began on May 19, 1993. A whistleblower's letter, written during the previous administration, triggered an FBI investigation, which revealed evidence of financial malfeasance. Independent Counsel Kenneth Starrinvestigated the firings and found no evidence of wrongdoing on the Clintons' part.[50]

    The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose around improper access to FBI security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations. In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined that there was no credible evidence of any criminal activity. Ray's report further stated "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.[51]

    Death penalty

    Further information: Capital punishment in Arkansas and Capital punishment by the United States federal government

    The application of the federal death penalty was expanded to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise, by Clinton's 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, "My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons."[52]

    While campaigning for U.S. President, then-Governor Clinton returned to Arkansas to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but didn't understand the concept of death. According to Arkansas state and Federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the claim of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in a New York Times article as a possible political move to counter "soft on crime" accusations.[53][54] According to some sources Clinton was a death penalty opponent in his early years who switched positions.[54] During Clinton's term, Arkansas performed its first executions since 1964 (the death penalty was re-enacted on March 23, 1973).[55] As Governor, he oversaw four executions: one by electric chair and three by lethal injection. However, Clinton was the first President to pardon a death row inmate since the federal death penalty was reintroduced in 1988.[56] Federal executions were resumed under his successor George W. Bush.

    1996 Assassination attempt

    Law professor Ken Gromley's book The Death of American Virtue, due for publication in February 2010, reveals that Clinton escaped a 1996 assassination attempt inthe Philippines by terrorists working for Osama bin Laden.[57] He was saved shortly before his car was due to drive over a bridge where a bomb was planted, during his visit to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Manila in 1996. Gromley said he was told the details of the bomb plot by Louis Merletti, a former director of the Secret Service. Clinton was scheduled to visit a local politician in central Manila, when secret service officers intercepted a message suggesting that an attack was imminent. A transmission used the words "bridge" and "wedding", supposedly a terrorists code word for assassination. The motorcade was re-routed and the US agents later discovered a bomb planted under the bridge. The report said the subsequent US investigation into the plot "revealed that it was masterminded by a Saudi terrorist living in Afghanistan named Osama bin Laden". Gromley said "It remained top secret except to select members of the US intelligence community. At the time, there were media reports about the discovery of two bombs, one at Manila airport and another at the venue for the leaders' meeting" [58].

    Second term, 1997–2001

    In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2% of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7% of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4% of the popular vote), becoming the first Democrat to win presidential reelection since Franklin Roosevelt. The Republicans lost a few seats in the House and gained a few in the Senate, but overall retained control of the Congress. Clinton received 379, or over 70% of the Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes.

    Lewinsky scandal

    Main article: Lewinsky scandal

    Clinton's sexual relationship[59] with a 22-year-old White House intern named Monica Lewinsky led to the Lewinsky scandal.[29] In alame duck session after the 1998 elections, the House voted to impeach Clinton, based on allegations Clinton lied about his relationship with Lewinsky in a sworn deposition in the Paula Jones lawsuit. This made Clinton only the second U.S. president to be impeached after Andrew Johnson.

    Impeachment and trial in the Senate
    Main article: Impeachment of Bill Clinton

    The House held no serious impeachment hearings before the mid-term elections. Though the mid-term elections held in November 1998 were at the 6-year point in an 8-year presidency (a time in the electoral cycle where the party holding the White House usually loses Congressional seats) the Democratic Party gained several seats.[29] To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a lame duck session in December 1998.

    While the House Judiciary Committee hearings ended in a straight party line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely on the basis of Republican support but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony about his relationship to Monica Lewinskyduring a sexual harassment lawsuit (later dismissed, appealed and settled for $850,000)[60] brought by former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones. The obstruction charge was based on his actions during the subsequent investigation of that testimony. The Senate later voted to acquit Clinton on both charges.[61] The Senate refused to convene to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm Williams & Connolly.

    The Senate concluded a twenty-one day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote on both counts falling short of the Constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an office holder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty. Some Republicans voted not guilty for both charges. On the perjury charge, fifty-five senators voted to acquit, including ten Republicans, and forty-five voted to convict; on the obstruction charge the Senate voted 50-50.[62]

    Military and foreign events

    Numerous military events occurred during Clinton's presidency. The Battle of Mogadishu also occurred in Somalia in 1993. During the operation, two U.S. MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and one was taken prisoner. There were many more Somali casualties. Some of the American bodies were dragged through the streets and broadcasted on television news programs. In response, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground.

    In 1995 U.S. and NATO aircraft attacked Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on U.N. safe zones and to pressure them into a peace accord. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995 to uphold the subsequent Dayton Agreement.

    In response to the 1998 al-Qaeda bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa that killed a dozen Americans and hundreds of Africans, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. He was subsequently criticized when it turned out that a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan (originally claimed to be a chemical warfare plant) had been destroyed.

    To stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide[63][64] of Albanians by nationalist Serbians in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's province of Kosovo, Clinton authorized the use of American troops in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force. General Wesley Clark was Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and oversaw the mission. With United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized a peacekeeping force.[65] NATO claimed to have suffered zero combat deaths,[66] and two deaths from an Apache helicopter crash.[67] Opinions in the popular press criticized pre-war genocide claims by the Clinton administration as greatly exaggerated.[68][69] A U.N. Court ruled genocide did not take place, but recognized, "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments".[70] The term "ethnic cleansing" was used as an alternative to "genocide" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.[71] Slobodan Miloševic, the President of Yugoslavia at the time, was eventually charged with the "murders of about 600 individually identified ethnic Albanians" and "crimes against humanity."[72]

    In Clinton's 1998 State of the Union Address, Clinton warned Congress of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's possible pursuit of nuclear weapons:

    Together we must also confront the new hazards of chemical and biological weapons, and the outlaw states, terrorists and organized criminals seeking to acquire them. Saddam Hussein has spent the better part of this decade, and much of his nation's wealth, not on providing for the Iraqi people, but on developing nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the missiles to deliver them. The United Nations weapons inspectors have done a truly remarkable job, finding and destroying more of Iraq's arsenal than was destroyed during the entire gulf war. Now, Saddam Hussein wants to stop them from completing their mission. I know I speak for everyone in this chamber, Republicans and Democrats, when I say to Saddam Hussein, "You cannot defy the will of the world," and when I say to him, "You have used weapons of mass destruction before; we are determined to deny you the capacity to use them again.[73]

    To weaken Saddam Hussein's grip of power, Clinton signed H.R. 4655 into law on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not speak to the use of American military forces.[74][75] The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign named Operation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to December 19, 1998. For the last two years of Clinton's presidency U.S. aircraft routinely attacked hostile Iraqi anti-air installations inside the Iraqi no-fly zones. Clinton's November 2000 visit to Vietnam was the first by a U.S. President since the end of the Vietnam War.[76] Clinton remained popular with the public throughout his two terms as President, ending his presidential career with a 65% approval rating, the highest end-of-term approval rating of any President since Dwight D. Eisenhower.[77] Clinton also oversaw a boom of the U.S. economy. Under Clinton, the United States had a projected federal budget surplus for the first time since 1969.[78] After initial successes such as the Oslo accords of the early 1990s, Clinton attempted to address the Arab-Israeli conflict. Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat together at Camp David.[29] Following the peace talk failures, Clinton stated Arafat "missed the opportunity" to facilitate a "just and lasting peace." In his autobiography, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit.[79][80][81] The situation broke down completely with the start of the Second Intifada.[29]

    Whitewater controversy

    Main article: Whitewater (controversy)

    The Whitewater controversy was an American political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, Jim andSusan McDougal in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture in the 1970s and 1980s.

    In November 1993 David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against President Bill Clinton in the Whitewater affair, claimed that Bill Clinton, while governor of Arkansas, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the partner of the Clintons in the Whitewater land deal.[82] A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains innocence in the affair.

    Attempted capture of Osama bin Laden

    Capturing Osama bin Laden has been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton.[83] It has been claimed that on three separate occasions in 1996, 1998, and 2000, while the Clinton Administration had begun pursuit of the policy, the Sudanese government allegedly offered to arrest and extradite Bin Laden as well as to provide the United States detailed intelligence information about growing militant organizations in the region, including Hezbollah and Hamas[84], and that U.S. authorities allegedly rejected each offer despite knowing of bin Laden's involvement in bombings on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.[84]


    However, the 9/11 Commission found that although "former Sudanese officials claim that Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to the United States", "we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim.".[85]

    Law license suspension

    Clinton was ordered to pay $25,000 in fines to Arkansas state's bar officials and his Arkansas law license was suspended for five years.[86] The agreement came on the condition that Whitewater prosecutors would not pursue federal perjury charges against him.[87] Clinton was suspended by the Supreme Court in October 2001, and, facing disbarment from that court, Clinton resigned from the Supreme Court bar in November.[88]

    Troopergate

    Main article: Troopergate (Bill Clinton)

    Troopergate is the popular name of a scandal involving allegations by two Arkansas state troopers that they arranged sexual liaisons for then-Governor Bill Clinton. The allegations by state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in the American Spectator in 1993. The troopers were paid for their stories. The story mentioned a woman named Paula, a reference to Paula Jones. Brock later admitted journalistic dishonesty and apologized.

    Pardons and campaign finance

    Main articles: Bill Clinton pardons controversy and 1996 United States campaign finance controversy

    Clinton issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.[29][89] Most of the controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.[90] Some of Clinton's pardons remain a point of controversy.[91]

    The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to influence the domestic policies of the United States, prior to and during the Clinton administration and also involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.[92]

    Legislation and programs

    Major legislation signed

    Major legislation vetoed

    Proposals not passed by Congress

    Initiatives















     Full List of Bilderberg Attendees

    for The Bilderberg Meeting helf in Ottawa, Canada, 8-11 June, 2006

    http://www.prisonplanet.com/articles/june2006/110606Attendees.htm

    A true copy of a fax to Alex Jones Investigator of the Bilderberg Group dated Friday 6-09-2006 at 11.39 am staying at the Embassy West Hotel  at fax number +1 613 729 1600 sent from   the Brookstreet Hotel Fax  number +1 613 271 1850 totalling 6 pages in total including above cover sheet

    PRESS RELEASE Biderberg Meetings 8 June 2006

    The 54th Bilderberg Meeting will be held in Ottawa Canada 8-11- June 2006. The Conerence will deal mainly with European-American relations, Energy, Russia, Iran, the Middle East, Asia, Terrorism and Immigration.

    Approximately 143 participants will attend of whom about two-thirds com from Europe and the balance from North America. About one-third is form government and politics, and two-thirds are form fiance, industry, labour, education and cummunications, The meeting is private in order to encourage fronk and open discussion.

    Bilderberg takes its name from the hotel in Holland, where the first meeting took place in May 1954. That pioneering meeting grew out of concerns expressed by leading citizens on both sides of the atlantic that Western Europe and North America were not working together as closely as the should on common problems of critical importance. It was felt that regulator, off-the-record discussions would help create a better understanding of the complex forces and major trends affecting Western nations in the difficult post-war period.

    The Cold War has now ended. But is practically all respects there are more, not fewer, common problems - from trade to jobs, from monetry policy to investment, from ecological challenges to the task fo promoying international security. It is hard to think of any major issue in either Europe or North America whole unilateral solution would not have repercussions for the other. Thus the concept of a European-American forum has not been over taken by time. The dialogue between these two regions is still - even invreasingly - critical.What is unique about Bilderberg as a forum os the broad cross-section of leading citizens that are assembled for nearly three days of informal and off-the-record discussion about topics of current concern especially in the fields of foreign affairs and the international economy; the strong feeling among participants that in view of the differing attitudes and experiences of the Western nations, there remains a clear need to further develop an understanding in which these concerns can be accomodated; the privacy of the meetings, which has no purpose other that to allow participants to speak their monds opnely and freely. In short, bilderberg is a small, flexible, informal and off-the-record international forum in which different viewpoints can be expressed and mutual understanding enhanced.

    Bilderberg's only acticity is its annual Conference. At the meetings, no resolutions are propsed, no votes taken, and no policy statements issued. Since 1954, fifty-three conferences have been held. the names of the participants are made available to the press. Participants are chosen for their experience, their knowledge, and their standing, all participants attend Bilderberg in a private and not an official capacity.

    Participants have agreed not to give interviews to the press during the meeting. In contacts with the news media after the conference it is an established rule that no attribution should be made to individuals participants of what was discussed during the meeting. There will be no press conference. A list of particpants is appended.

    P3

    BILDERBERG MEETINGS OTTAWA< CANADA 8-11 June, 2006 List of Participants

    B         Honary Chairman Davignon, Etienne, Vice Chairman, Suez-Traciebel

    PNA   Abu-Amr, Zian Member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, President of the Palestinian Council on Foreign Relations, Professor of Political Science, Birzeit University

    P         Aguiar-Branco, Jose Pedro  Former Minister of Justice, Member of Parilament (PSD), CH     Aigrain, Jacques CEO, Swiss Re

    USA   Ajami, Pouad  Director, Misddle East Studies Program, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hoplins University

    GR     Alogoskoufis, George  Minister of Econmy and Fiance, TR    Bagis, Egemen Member of Parliament; Foreign Policy Advisor to the Prime Minister

    GB   Balls, Edward   Economic Secretary to the Treasury, P      Balsemao, Francisco Pinto    Chairmans and CEO, IMPRESA, S.G.P.S.; Former Prime Minister

    F      Barnier, Michael   Former Miister for Foreign Affairs, Corporate Vice-President Merieux Alliance

    A      Barstein, Martin   Minister of Economics and Labout, I       Bernabe, Franco  Vice Chairman, Rothchild Europe

    S      Bildt, Carl            Former Prime Minister, TR    Boyer, Omit n> Member of the Execitive Board, Boyner Holding

    F       Bressand, Albert Professor and Managing Director  designate, Cenre for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

    A     Bronner, Oscar    Publisher and Editor, Der Standard, GB   Browne, John    Group Cheif Excutive, BP plc

    B     Burda, John     Publisher and CEU, Hubert Media Holding GmbH & Co. KG

    F     Casties, Henri de   Chairman of the Management Board and CEO, AXA

    E. Cebrian, Juan Luis   CEO, PRISA, IRQ Chalabi, Ahmad   Former Deputy Prime Minister  

    CDN  Clark, Edmund  President and CEO, TD Bank Financial Group, GB Clarke, Kenneth Member of Parliament

    USA Collins, Timothy C.  Senior Managing Director and CEO< Ripplewood Holdings, LLC, P           Collomb, Bertrand   Chairman, Lafarge

    CDN     Camper, Tony  President and CEO, BMO Financial Group, CDN     Crawley, Phillip  Publisher and CEO, The Globe and Mail

    GB        David, George A.   Chairman, Coca Cola, H.D.C.S.A., INT    Dervis, Kermal   Administrator, UNDP

    F        Descoing, Richard     Diretcor, Institute d Erudes Politiques, CDN   Desmarair, Jr, Paul    CEO, Power Corporation

    F          Devedjiian, Patrick    Member of Parliament, USA     Donilon, Thomas E    Partner, O,Melveny & Myers LLP

    D          Dopfner, Mathias       Chairman of the Board of Management, Axel Springer AG, DK       Eldrup   Anders          President, DONG A/S

    I            Elkdrup, John            Vice Chairman, Fist S.o.A., USA     Feldstein, Martin S.   President and CEO, National Bureau of Economic Research

    USA Geithner, Timothy F.    President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bankk of New York

    USA    Gigot, Paul A.        Editor of the Editorial Page, The Wall Street Journal               

    ISR   Gilady, Eival             Head of Coodination and Strategy at the Office of the Prime Minister

    IRL    Gleeson, Dermot     Chairman, AIB Group

    B       Goldschmidt, Pierre  Former IAEA Deputy Director General ands Former Head of the Department of Safeguards, Visiting Scholar, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

    A      Gusenbauer, Alfred     Parfliamentary Leaser SPO

    NL   Halberstadt, Victor     Professor of Economics, Leiden University, Former Honary Secretary General of Bildergerg Meetings

    B      Hansen, Jean-Pierre   CEO< Suez-Tractebel S.A.

    FIN  Heinaluoma, Eero       Minister of Finance

    USA   Holbrooke, Richard C.  Vice Chairman, Perseus, LLC

    USA   Hubbard, Allan B.   Assistant to the President for Economic Poilicy, Director National Economic Council,

    N        Jensen, Siv              Member of Parliament

    D      Joffe, Josef               Publisher-Editor, Die Zeit

    USA  Johnson, James A.  Vice Chaorman, Perseus, LLC

    USA   Jodan, Jr., Vernon E.   Senior Managing Director, Lazard Freres & Co. LLC

    GB Kaletsky, Anatole           Editor at Large, The Times

    F     Kerdrel, Yves de              Editor, Le Figaro

    GB  Kerr of Kinlochard, John  Deputy Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell plc

    USA Kimsey, James V.    Fornding CEO and Chairman Emeritus, America Online, Inc

    Kissinger, Henry A.        Chairman, Kissinger Associates

    NL   Kleisterlee, Gerard J.     Preseident and CEO, Royal Philips Electronics

    TR   Koe, Mustafa V.           Chairman, Koe Holding A.S.

    TR   Koprulu. Kermal          Founding Chairman, ARJ Movement

    FIN  Korkmas, Sixten          Managing Director, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy ETLA and finnish Business and Pilicy Forum EVA

    TR    Koru, Fehmi                  Senior Writer, Yeni Safak

    CDN   Oss, Johann O.  President and CEO  Right To Play 

    USA    Kravis, Henry R.      Founding Partner, Kohlberg FRavis Roberts & Co

    USA    Kravis, Marie-Jossee    Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute, Inc.

    INT      Kroes, Neelie              Commissioner, European Commission

    INT Kronenburg, Ed         Director of the provate Office, NATO Headquaters

    CH  Kedelski, Andre       Chairman of the Board and CEO, Kudelski Group

    F      Lauvergeon, Anne    Chaormans of the Execitive Board, AREVA

    E      Leon GRoss, Bernardino   Secretary  of State, Ministry of Foreigh Affairs

    B      Lippens, Maurice     Chairman, FORTIS

    CDN   Lloyd, Ronald S.   Chairmans and CEO, Credit Suisse First Boston

    USA  Luti, William J.      Special Assistant to the President for Defence and Strategy, National Security Council

    USA Mathew, Jessica T.  President, Carnegie Endownment for International Peace

    CDN   McKenna, Frank    Deputy Chair, Toronto Domination Bank Financila Group

    USA   Medish, Mark C.   Partner, Akin Gump Strauss Houer & Feld LLP

    F  Montbrial, Thierry de    President, University Commerciale Luigi Bocconi

    INT  Monti, Mario  President, Unicverista Commerciale Luigi Bocconi

    USA    Mundle, Egil     Chairman of the Board of Directors SAS, Nirsk Hydro ASA

    D       Nass, Matthias     Deputy Editor, Die Zeit

    NL   Netherlands, H.M. the Queen of The

    CDN  Nickerson, Ken    iBinary Corp

    CDN  Nixon, Gordon   President and CEO, Royal Bank of Canada

    N       Norvik, Harald  Chaorman & Partner, Econ Management AS

    IRL   O.Brien, Denis    Chairman Communicorp roup Ltd

    PL    Olechewski, Andrej  Leader Civic Platform  

    FIN Ollila, Jorma    Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell plc

    GB    Osborne, George   Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer for the United Kingdom

    TR   Ozel, Soli     Professor of International Relations and Political Science, Istanbul Bilgi University

    I  Padoa-Schioopa, Tommaso  Minister if Finance

    USA   Pataki, George E.   Governor of New York State

    USA    Pearlstine, Norman   Senior Advisor, Time Warner Inc.

    USA   Pel, Minxin              Director, Carnegie Endownmenr for International Peace

    USA    Perle, Richard H.    resident Fellow, American Enterrise Institute for Public Policy Research

    D  Pfluger,  Friedbert    State Secretary of Defence

    INT    Piebalga, Andris   Commissioner, Eoropean Comission

    F        Pinault, Francois-Henri        President, Artentis, Chairman and CEO, PPR Group

    CDN  Prichard J. Robert S.           President, Torstar Corporation

    USA   Rattner, Steven                    Managing Director Principle, Quadrangle Group LLC, S         Reinfeldt, Fredrik                Chairman Conservattive Party               

    CDN    Reinsman, Heather           Chair and CEO, Indigo Books & Music Inc., USA     Rockefeller, David           Former Member, JP Morgan International Council

    E           Rodriguez Inciarte, Matias   Executive Voce Chairman, Grupo Santander, Ciudad Grupo Santander

    USA  Ross, Dennis B                 Director, Washington Institute for Near East Policy

    F       Roy, Olivier                      Senior Researcher, French National Center for Scientific Research

    USA   Roy J, Stapleton             Managing Director, Kissinger Associates, Inc., USA    Sadjapour, Karim - Analyst, International Crisis Group

    USA    Sant, Roger                    Co-Founder and Chairman Emerinis, The AES Corporation, The Summit Foubndation

    IRN    Sariolghalam, Mahmood    Associate Professor of International Relations, School of Economics and Political Sciences, National University of Iran ( Shahid Beheshti)

    I    Scaroni, Paolo                   CEO, ENi  S.p.A.

    D     Schily, Otto                   Former Minister of Interior  Affairs, Member of Parliament, member of the Commitee on Foreign Affairs

    A      Scholten, Rudolf          Member of the Board of Executive Directors, Oesterreichische Kontrollbank AG

    D      Schrempp, JOrgen E.  Former Chairman of the Board of Management Damler Chrysler AG, D      Schulz, Ekkchard D.     Chairman, Thyssen Krupp AG

    DK Seidenfaden, Teger        Executive Editor-in-Chief, Politiken, P     Solva, Augusto Santos   Minister for Parliamentary Affairs

    USA    Steinberg, James B.    Dean, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas

    S         Straberg, Hans            President and CEO, AB Electrolux,  IRL   Sutherland, Peter D.- Chairman BP plc  and Chairman, Goldman Sachs International

    I        Trementi, Giullio         Vice  President of the Chamber of Deputies

    GR   Tsoukalis, Loukas        President, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELLIAMEP)

    NL      Verhagen, Maxime J.M.  Parliamentary Leader, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), 

    USA   Vinocur, John        Senior Correspondent, International Herald Teibune

    S        Wallenberg, Jacob     Chairman, Investor AB, CDN   Waugh, Richard E.     President and CEO, Bank of Nova Scotia

    NL   Wellink, A.H.E.M.        President, De Nederlandsche Bank, GB   Wolf, Martin H.- Associate Editor and Economics Commentator, The Finalacial Times

    USA   Wolfensohn, James D.    Special Envoy for the Gaza Disengagement, USA  -Zelikow, Philip D.- Councelor of the Department, US Department of State

    CHN    Zhang, Yi                 Deputy Sectretary General, China Society for Strategy and Management Research

    USA     Zoellick, Robert B    Deputy Secretary of State,  D  ZumWinkel, Klaus -Chairman of the Board of Management, Deutsche POst AG

    Rapporteurs

    GB   Bedow, Veneline von     Paris Correspondent, The Economist, GB    Wooldridge, Adrian D.    Foreign Correspondent, The Economist





    Click here for another freedom of the press website http://www.rsf.org/

    Embedded Canadian reporter becomes seventh woman journalist killed in 2009

    Reporters Without Borders is shocked to learn that Canadian newspaper reporter Michelle Lang was killed yesterday in the southern province of Kandahar when a roadside bomb struck the Canadian military vehicle she was travelling in. Four Canadian soldiers were also killed. “Lang’s death just two days before the New Year is a cruel reminder of the dangers that journalists face in war zones,” Reporters Without Borders said. “The growing number of cowardly, indiscriminate attacks by Islamist groups, not only in Afghanistan but also in Pakistan and Somalia, has greatly increased the dangers for reporters who take the risk of covering events close up.” “’We offer our sincerest condolences to Michelle Lang’s family and condolences,” said Reporters Without Borders secretary-general Jean-François Julliard and François Bugingo, the president of the organisation’s Canadian section. A total of 19 journalists, 11 of them foreign, have been killed in Afghanistan since 11 September 2001. Five of the victims, including Afghan journalist Zakia Zaki and French journalist Johanne Sutton, were women. Lang, who worked for the Calgary Herald, was on her first assignment to Afghanistan and was embedded with the Canadian troops whose main base in is the extremely volatile province of Kandahar. She was riding in a Canadian military vehicle that was hit when a roadside bomb went off at around 4 p.m. yesterday. She was the seventh woman journalist to be killed in 2009. Three of the others were Russian, including journalist and human rights investigator Natalia Estemirova, who was killed in Chechnya. The other three were among the 30 reporters who were killed in an election-related massacre in the southern Philippines on 23 November. Radical Islamist groups have caused the death of at least 16 journalists worldwide. The Al-Shabaab militia in Somalia has stepped up its targeting killings and suicide bombings. At least nine journalists have been killed in Somalia, including four working for Radio Shabelle, a station that has tried to keep covering developments amid the chaos. Reporters are also increasingly being targeted by the Taliban in northwestern Pakistan. And Faheem Siddiqi, a Pakistani reporter working for Geo TV, was badly injured in a suicide bombing on a procession marking the Shiite religious ceremony of Ashura in Karachi on 28 December.

    http://www.rsf.org/Call-for-probe-into-Afghan.html Call for probe into Afghan journalist’s death during British rescue operation

    Rt Hon Bob Ainsworth Secretary of State for Defence London United Kingdom Paris, 16 September 2009 Dear Secretary of State, There has been a great deal of emotion and anger in Afghanistan and internationally about the death of Afghan journalist Sultan Munadi in the operation carried out by British special forces on 9 September to rescue Munadi’s British colleague, Stephen Farrell. We urge you to order an investigation that will shed light on the problems and errors that led to this tragedy. We also ask you to publish its findings and to sanction those responsible. Several aspects of this commando operation continue to be unclear. We do not doubt that the aim was to rescue the two journalists, who had been kidnapped a few days earlier by Taliban militants, and to spare them a long and difficult captivity. But we think the investigation needs to explain why a decision to carry out a military operation, involving a serious risk to both the soldiers and the hostages, was taken so quickly and without consulting all the parties. You were personally involved in this decision. Why did you not await the outcome of the negotiations that were under way with the Taliban? According to the various accounts available of how the operation unfolded, the British soldiers knew there were two hostages, a westerner and an Afghan. They even had photographs of Farrell and Munadi. When he was killed, Munadi was obviously unarmed and, shouting in English, had just identified himself as a journalist. What led the British or Afghan combatants to open fire at that precise moment? What were the rules of engagement that had been given to the British commandos? Munadi’s body was left at the scene of the operation. His family members were forced to fetch his body themselves from a very dangerous region. How is it possible that the body of one of the two hostages was abandoned in this fashion? Wasn’t the goal to take care of both the British journalist and his Afghan colleague? As we said in the press release we issued on the day Munadi died, we consider that all options, including military ones, have to be considered in kidnapping cases. But it is important that all these questions are answered. The need to know the truth is pressing, not only for Munadi’s family and colleagues but also for the family and colleagues of the British soldier who died in this operation. We trust you will satisfy our hopes. Sincerely, Jean-François Julliard Secretary-General


      
    Author Daniel Pipes in his book Conspiricies investigates Secret Societies like
    the Freemasons, The Trilateral Commission, The Council o    n Foreigh Relations and the Bilderberg Group


    Author David Icke investigates Secret Societies like the Fremans, The Trilateral Commission, The Council on Foreigh Relations and the Bilderberg Group

     



     

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    Bernanke meeting with United States President Barack Obama.
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    With his predecessor, Alan Greenspan, looking on, Chairman Ben Bernanke addresses President George W. Bush and others after being sworn in to the Federal Reserve post. Also on stage with the President are Mrs. Anna Bernanke and Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve.


    Ben Shalom Bernanke caught on camera arriving at a Bilderberg Meeting.
    Ben Shalom Bernanke (pronounced /b?r'nænki/ b?r-NAN-kee; born December 13, 1953) is an Americaneconomist, and the current Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. Bernanke, a Republican who was appointed by President George W. Bush in October 2005 and who had briefly served as chairman of President Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers, succeeded Alan Greenspan on February 1, 2006. He was nominated for a second term by President Barack Obama in 2009 as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Born in Augusta, Georgia, Bernanke was raised in a ranch-style house on East Jefferson Street in Dillon, South Carolina. His father Philip was a pharmacist and part-time theater manager, and his mother Edna was an elementary schoolteacher, although she gave it up once Ben was born.  He is the eldest of three children, having a brother and sister. His younger brother, Seth, is a lawyer in Charlotte, North Carolina, and his younger sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at Berklee College of Music in Boston. The Bernankes were one of the few Jewish families in the area, attending a local synagogue called Ohav Shalom;  as a child, Bernanke learned Hebrew from his maternal grandfather Harold Friedman, who was a professional hazzan, shochet, and Hebrew teacher. His father and uncle co-owned and managed a drugstore that they bought from his paternal grandfather, Jonas Bernanke. Jonas was born in Boryslav, Austria–Hungary (today part of Ukraine), on January 23, 1891, and immigrated to the United States from Przemysl, Poland (part of Austria–Hungary until 1919). He arrived atEllis Island, age 30, Thursday, June 30, 1921, with his wife Pauline, age 25. On the ship’s manifest, Jonas’ occupation is listed as “clerk” and Pauline’s as “doctor med." They moved to Dillon, South Carolina, from New York in the 1940s. Bernanke’s mother often worked in the family drugstore, having given up her job as a school teacher when her son was born, and Bernanke also assisted from time to time. As a teenager in the 1960s in the small town of Dillon, S.C., Bernanke used to help roll the Torah scrolls in his localsynagogue. Although he keeps his beliefs private, his friend Mark Gertler, chairman of New York University’s economics department, commented in 2005 that, "it is really embedded in who he (Bernanke) is".On the other hand, the Bernanke family was concerned that Ben would "lose his Jewish identity" if he went to Harvard. Fellow Dillon nativeKenneth Manning, an African-American who would eventually become a professor of the History of Sciences at M.I.T, helped assuage the family that "there were Jews in Boston." Once at Harvard, Manning took Bernanke to a Rosh Hashanah services in Brookline his freshman year. Unfortunately, Manning found the services more meaningful than Bernanke.Bernanke was educated at East Elementary, J. V. Martin Junior High, and Dillon High School, where he was class valedictorian and played saxophone in the marching band. Bernanke achieved a near-perfect SAT score of 1590 out of 1600. He was also an All-State saxophonist, playing in the school’s marching band.Bernanke spent his undergraduate years at Harvard University where he lived in Winthrop House and graduated with a B.A. in economics summa cum laude in 1975. He received his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1979. His thesis was named "Long-term commitments, dynamic optimization, and the business cycle" and his thesis adviser was Stanley Fischer. He also taught himself calculus in high school. Bernanke worked construction on a new hospital and waited tables at a restaurant at nearby South of the Border, a roadside attraction in his hometown of Dillon, before leaving for college. During the summer, he attended Camp Ramah located in New England. To support himself throughout college, he worked during the summers at South of the Border. Bernanke taught at the Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1979 until 1985, was a visiting professor at New York University and went on to become a tenured professor at Princeton University in the Department of Economics. He chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when he went on public service leave. He resigned his position at Princeton July 1, 2005. Dr. Bernanke served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2002 to 2005, and was Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers, from June 2005 to January 2006. On February 1, 2006, he was appointed as a member of the Board for a fourteen-year term and to a four-year term as Chairman.[23] In one of his first speeches, entitled “Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn’t Happen Here,” he outlined what has been referred to as the Bernanke Doctrine. In view of his current position as Fed chair, Bernanke also sits on the newly established Financial Stability Oversight Board that oversees the Troubled Asset Relief Program.

     

    Search Wikinews Wikinews has related news:Fed chairman Bernanke says US recession 'may last into 2010'

     

    Bernanke’s future as Federal Reserve chairman became uncertain on November 21, 2008, when it was announced thatPresident-elect Barack Obama would name Tim Geithner as Treasury Secretary over Lawrence Summers, leading to speculation that Obama was positioning Summers as Bernanke's successor. Summers was picked to run the National Economic Council. Two Obama advisers said that Summers would be the leading candidate to become the next Federal Reserve chairman should President Obama choose not to reappoint Bernanke when his term ends January 31, 2010. White House sources announced on August 24, 2009 that President Obama would nominate Bernanke for another term in 2010. During Bernanke's first term as Chairman, he oversaw the Federal Reserve's largest increase of power since the bank's creation in 1913.

     

    Allegations of fraud against Bernanke concerning Merrill Lynch merger with Bank Of America

    In a letter to Congress from New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo dated April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Treasury SecretaryHenry Paulson in allegations of fraud concerning the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America. The letter alleged that the extent of the losses at Merrill Lynch were not disclosed to Bank of America by Bernanke and Paulson. When Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis informed Paulson that Bank of America was exiting the merger by invoking the "Materially Adverse Change" clause Paulson immediately called Lewis to a meeting in Washington. At the meeting, which allegedly took place on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he and the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not to reveal the extent of the losses to shareholders. Paulson stated to Cuomo's office that he was directed by Bernanke to threaten Lewis in this manner. Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, with Bernanke testifying that he did not bully Ken Lewis. Under intense questioning by members of Congress, Bernanke said, "I never said anything about firing the board and the management [of Bank of America]." In further testimony, Bernanke said the Fed did nothing illegal or unethical in its efforts to convince Bank of America not to end the merger. Lewis told the panel that authorities expressed "strong views" but said he would not characterize their stance as improper.

    Nominated for Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve
    In nominating Ben S. Bernanke to succeed Alan Greenspan as Fed chairman, President Bush selected an economist with stellar credentials and a good reputation in Congress and on Wall Street who has won widespread plaudits since being named. Ben S. Bernanke was sworn in on February 1, 2006, as Chairman and a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Dr. Bernanke also serves as Chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policymaking body. He was appointed as a member of the Board to a full 14-year term, which expires January 31, 2020, and to a four-year term as Chairman, which expires January 31, 2010.

    Renominated for Fed Chief

    On 25th Aug 2009, President Obama announced that he would nominate Ben Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In a short statement in Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and creativity helped to prevent another Great Depression in 2008. "Ben approached a financial system on the verge of collapse with calm and wisdom, with bold action and out-of-the-box thinking that has helped put the brakes on our economic free fall", the President said.

    Senate Banking Committee hearings on his nomination begin December 3, 2009.

    .Economic Views of Ben Bernanke

    He has given several lectures at the London School of Economics on monetary theory and policy and has written three textbooks on macroeconomics, and one on microeconomics. He was the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research and the editor of the American Economic Review. He is among the 50 most published economists in the world according toIDEAS/RePEc.

    Bernanke is particularly interested in the economic and political causes of the Great Depression, on which he has written extensively. Before Bernanke's work, the dominant monetarist theory of the Great Depression was Milton Friedman's view that it had been largely caused by the Federal Reserve's having reduced themoney supply. In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said, "Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Depression. You're right, we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again." Anna Schwartz however is highly critical of Bernanke and wrote an opinion piece on New York Times to advise President Obama against his reappointment to Chair of Federal Reserve. Bernanke focused less on the role of the federal reserve, and more on the role of private banks and financial institutions. Bernanke found that the financial disruptions of 1930-33 reduced the efficiency of the credit allocation process; and that the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit acted to depress aggregate demand, identifying an effect he called thefinancial accelerator. When faced with a mild downturn, banks are likely to significantly cut back lending and other risky ventures. This further hurts the economy, creating a vicious cycle and potentially turning a mild recession into a major depression. Economist Brad DeLong, who had previously advocated his own theory for the Great Depression, notes that the current financial crisis has increased the pertinence of Bernanke's theory. In 2002, when the word "deflation" began appearing in the business news, Bernanke gave a speech about deflation.[37] In that speech, he mentioned that the government in a fiat money system owns the physical means of creating money. Control of the means of production for money implies that the government can always avoid deflation by simply issuing more money. He said “The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at no cost.” (He referred to a statement made by Milton Friedman about using a "helicopter drop" of money into the economy to fight deflation.) Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as "Helicopter Ben" or to his "helicopter printing press." In a footnote to his speech, Bernanke noted that "people know that inflation erodes the real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that it is in the interest of the government to create some inflation." For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the Bush tax cuts, Bernanke, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. Indeed, in his undergraduate economics textbooks he somewhat distances himself from the rhetorical economic libertarianism of Greenspan. In 2005 Bernanke coined the term saving glut, the idea, which does not take into account time preference, that a worldwide oversupply of savings finances the current account deficits of the United States and keeps interest rates low. His first months as chairman of the Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties communicating with the media. An advocate of more transparent Fed policy and clearer statements than Greenspan had made, he had to back away from his initial idea of stating clearer inflation goals as such statements tended to affect the stock market. Maria Bartiromo disclosed on CNBC their private conversation on Fed policy (in which Bernanke said investors had misinterpreted his comments as indicating that he was "dovish" on inflation), and he was criticized for making public statements about Fed direction. Texas representative Ron Paul, a member of the House Banking Committee who takes the view that the Federal Reserve System should be abolished,has criticized Bernanke for "continually lowering interest rates," which he avers to have caused drastic inflation and unnecessary growth of the money supply, leading to what Paul refers to as the "inflation tax." However, many economists have argued that failure to have lowered the Fed's target rate would have contributed far more significantly to recession, and urged Bernanke (and the rest of the Federal Open Market Committee) to lower the rate beyond what it had done. For example, Larry Summers, who currently serves as Director of the White House's National Economic Council under President Barack Obama, wrote in the Financial Times on November 26, 2007 — in a column in which he argued that recession was likely — that "....maintaining demand must be the over-arching macro-economic priority. That means the Federal Reserve System has to get ahead of the curve and recognize — as the market already has — that levels of the Federal Funds rate that were neutral when the financial system was working normally are quite contractionary today." David Leonhardt of The New York Times wrote, on January 30, 2008, that "Dr. Bernanke's forecasts have been too sunny over the last six months. [On] the other hand, his forecast was a lot better than Wall Street's in mid-2006. Back then, he resisted calls for further interest rate increases because he thought the economy might be weakening. He was dead-on right about that—and the situation would be even worse now if he had listened to his critics then."



    10 years as President of the World Bank, James D. Wolfensohn
    focused the spotlight back on the institution's true purpose — fighting ...poverty eradication
    http://www.worldbank.org/features/2005/jdw_0605.htm
    JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN 1995-2005
    undefined
    undefined A Decade of Dedication to Poverty Eradication
    Final Press Briefing: JDW—A Personal Assessment

    http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/209/43533.html
    World Bank president James Wolfensohn is a man of charm, talent and managerial skill. When he speaks in public, he conveys an impression of sincerity and commitment. He has convinced many people that the World Bank under his leadership will finally tackle poverty and environmental degradation and work for a better world.

    The test of his sincerity lies in the actual performance of the Bank. Since he has now been at the helm for quite some time, there is a substantial record to examine. In fact, the Bank continues to lend large sums for oil exploration, road building, big dams and the like. So it remains environmentally unfriendly and it is hard not to conclude that its President's environmental commitment is largely rhetorical. The Bank also has recently promoted harsh "structural adjustment programs," pension privatization measures and other attacks on the poor. By all measures, income inequality worldwide continues to widen. So it would appear that Mr. Wolfensohn's "commitment" to reduce poverty is not very deep either. In March 1997, The Nation magazine published an article that reported that the Bank's lavish remodeling -- at a cost of $314 million -- includes gold leaf ceilings and rare woods of the sort that are to be found only in the most elegant business offices. Though this work began before Wolfensohn took over the helm of the Bank, he does not appear to have introduced more modest plans in the meantime, even while wringing millions in interest charges from the world's poorest countries. To understand Wolfensohn, it helps to know something about him besides his engaging smile, his shock of unruly white hair, and his carefully-cultivated image as a committed social reformer. In fact, he is better understood as one of the world's richest men and sharpest financial operatives. About his personal fortune, the New York Times of September 14, 1997 said: "He enjoys the trapping of great wealth, like a private jet and a lavish vacation home in Jackson Hole, Wyoming." Wolfensohn was born in Sydney, Australia. In 1959, he took at Master in Business Administration degree from Harvard Business School. He then he rose very rapidly in the financial world and developed a reputation as smart and ruthless. He held high posts in brokerage and investment firms in Australia from 1959 to 1967, when he moved to London as a top officer of the Henry Schroder investment banking group. Concern for the poor does not seem to have been on his list in those years. In 1970 he became head of Schroder's operation in New York, a post he held through 1976. He then became an executive partner in Salomon Brothers, the hard-charging bond and investment house. At Salomon he played a key role in the bailout of the Chrysler Corporation by the United States government. His Chrysler play brought him into the world of official policy in Washington, where he caught the eye of World Bank President Robert McNamara. Rumored to be on the short list as McNamara's successor, Wolfensohn speedily arranged to become a U.S. citizen so as best to qualify for the post. When the Bank passed him up, he left Salomon in 1981 to set up his own firm -- James D. Wolfensohn Inc. The new firm was a key player in the hot mergers and acquisitions game on Wall Street during the 1980's (the firm has since been bought by Banker's Trust). Wolfensohn built up his own portfolio along the way and by the end of the decade, he was a millionaire many times over and a close compatriot of the Rockefeller clan. To his credit, Wolfensohn is more than just a money shark. He plays the violin and is a cultured person who appreciates the arts. He has served on the board of directors of a number of public charities, like the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the Rockefeller Foundation. He has also sat on the board of a number of private corporations, like communications giant CBS. And he belongs to the ultimate insider institutions like the Bilderberg and the Council on Foreign Relations. Let us not judge Wolfensohn unfairly, but let us not close our eyes to who he is and how his career and his millions have shaped him. If he is a Wolf in sheep's clothing, would that really be so surprising, for a President of the World Bank?


    Above some of the most powerful an dinfluential members of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilateral Commision, the Council On Foreign Relations and/or the Freemasons which David Icke

    states are all interconnected organisations with the Bilderberg Group being thre most powerful group where it's memebers meet every years and the resolutions at their meetings then, one way or another, end up being put inot policies for all the major world governments...what David Icke argues and shows threw the onformation in his books is that the memebers of these pwoerful organisations and group are really a secret world government the control who ends up as the leader or most countries and what economic, social and monetary policies theit governments put in place...David Icke goes on the argue that this type of powerful world shadow government and group of secret societies manipulating how the world is run and whp will run it, is in effect a continuation of an unboken chain that has been going on since 2,000 BC.

     

     

     
    USA Presidents Ronald Regan Geoge Bush Senior who was a founding senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason

    David Rockerfeller a founding senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason



     Above some of the most powerful and influential members of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilateral Commision, the Council On Foreign Relations and/or the Freemasons which David Icke states are all interconencted organisations with the Bilderberg Group being thre most powerful group where it's memebers meet every years and the resolutions at their meetings then, one way or another, end up being put inot policies for all the major world governments...what David Icke argues and shows threw the onformation in his books is that the memebers of these pwoerful organisations and group are really a secret world government the control who ends up as the leader or most countries and what economic, social and monetary policies theit governments put in place...David Icke goes on the argue that this type of powerful world shadow government and group of secret societies manipulating how the world is run and whp will run it, is in effect a continuation of an unboken chain that has been going on since 2,000 BC.

      Secret Societies Clip1



      


    USA President
    i Bill Clinton Admits to Attending Bilderberg Meetings and being a member of the Bilderberg Group.



    Tony Blair a former  Prime Minister of Britain a senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason

    George Bush Senior a former a President of the USA
    a senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason

    Ronald Regan and George Bush Senior  senior both former Preseident of the USA
    Georgw Bush Senior was a member of the Bilberberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason
    however, Ronald Regan was a not a member of these group and originally promised to expose and investigate secret societies and stated he would never have George Bush in his team when running for the Presidential elections, however, suddenly changed his mind and overnight endorsed George Bush Senior as his running mate in the USA Presidential elections, and after he won the elections and became President of the USA, Ronald Regan was shot and could have died if the bullet has been a couple of inches to one side, then George Bush Senior would have become the President of the USA a lot sooner than he did.


    USA President Lyndon B. Johnson
     a founding senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason
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    Lyndon B. Johnson being sworn in aboard Air Force Oneby Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes, following theassassination of John F. Kennedy. To the right of Johnson isJacqueline Kennedy, widow of Kennedy; to the left is Mrs.Lady Bird Johnson, and sitting down near the airplane window is Jack Valenti, White House commission (later president of the MPAA). Assistant Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff, at bottom left, records the event with a dictaphone.

    Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

    Two hours and eight minutes after President Kennedy was assassinated in a motorcade at Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, Johnson was sworn in as President on Air Force One in Dallas at Love Field Airport on November 22, 1963. He was sworn in by Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a family friend, making him the first President sworn in by a woman. He is also the only President to have been sworn in on Texas soil. Johnson did not swear on a Bible, as there were none on Air Force One; a Roman Catholic missal was found in Kennedy's desk and was used for the swearing-in ceremony. Johnson created a panel headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, known as the Warren Commission, to investigate Kennedy's assassination. The commission conducted hearings and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination. Not everyone agreed with the Warren Commission, however, and numerous public and private investigations continued for decades after Johnson left office. The wave of national grief following the assassination gave enormous momentum to Johnson's promise to carry out Kennedy's programs. He retained senior Kennedy appointees, some for the full term of his presidency. Even the late President's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, with whom Johnson had a notoriously difficult relationship, remained in office until leaving in 1964 to run for the Senate.

    1964 presidential election

    Main article: U.S. presidential election, 1964

    On September 7, 1964, Johnson's campaign managers for the 1964 presidential election broadcast the "Daisy ad." It portrayed a little girl picking petals from a daisy, counting up to ten. Then a baritone voice took over, counted down from ten to zero and a nuclear bomb exploded. The message was that Barry Goldwater meant nuclear war. Although it only aired the one time, it escalated into a very heated election. Johnson won the presidency by a landslide with 61% of the vote and the then-widest popular margin in the 20th century — more than 15 million votes (this was later surpassed by incumbent President Nixon's defeat of Senator McGovern in 1972). Percentage-wise, Johnson's popular vote margin of over 22 percentage points is a record that stands to this day. In the summer of 1964, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) was organized with the purpose of challenging Mississippi's all-white and anti-civil rights delegation to the Democratic National Convention of that year as not representative of all Mississippians. At the national convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey the MFDP claimed the seats for delegates for Mississippi, not on the grounds of the Party rules, but because the official Mississippi delegation had been elected by a primary conducted under Jim Crow laws in which blacks were excluded because of poll taxes, literacy tests, and even violence against black voters. The national Party’s liberal leaders supported a compromise in which the white delegation and the MFDP would have an even division of the seats; Johnson was concerned that, while the regular Democrats of Mississippi would probably vote for Goldwater anyway, if the Democratic Party rejected the regular Democrats, he would lose the Democratic Party political structure that he needed to win in the South. Eventually, Hubert Humphrey, Walter Reuther and black civil rights leaders (including Roy Wilkins, Martin Luther King, and Bayard Rustin) worked out a compromise with MFDP leaders: the MFDP would receive two non-voting seats on the floor of the Convention; the regular Mississippi delegation would be required to pledge to support the party ticket; and no future Democratic convention would accept a delegation chosen by a discriminatory poll. When the leaders took the proposal back to the 64 members who had made the bus trip to Atlantic City, they voted it down. As MFDP Vice ChairFannie Lou Hamer said, "We didn't come all the way up here to compromise for no more than we’d gotten here. We didn't come all this way for no two seats, 'cause all of us is tired." The failure of the compromise effort allowed the rest of the Democratic Party to conclude that the MFDP was simply being unreasonable, and they lost a great deal of their liberal support. After that, the convention went smoothly for Johnson without a searing battle over civil rights. Despite the landslide victory, Johnson, who carried the South as a whole in the election, lost the Deep South states of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina, the first time a Democratic candidate had done so since Reconstruction.

    Johnson won the presidency by a majority of 61 percent and said he would “carry forward the plans and programs of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Not because of our sorrow or sympathy, but because they are right.” "1964 Year In Review"



    Jimmy Carter
    undefined
    In office
    January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
    Vice President Walter Mondale
    Preceded by Gerald Ford
    Succeeded by Ronald Reagan
    In office
    January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975
    Lieutenant Lester Maddox
    Preceded by Lester Maddox
    Succeeded by George Busbee
    Member of the Georgia State Senatefrom 14th District
    In office
    January 14, 1963 – 1966
    Preceded by New district
    Succeeded by Hugh Carter
    Constituency Sumter County
    Born October 1, 1924 (age 85)
    Plains, Georgia
    Birth name James Earl Carter, Jr.
    Political party Democratic
    Spouse(s) Rosalynn Smith Carter
    Children John William Carter
    James Earl Carter III
    Donnel Jeffrey Carter
    Amy Lynn Carter
    Residence Atlanta, Georgia
    Alma mater Georgia Southwestern College
    Union College
    United States Naval Academy
    Profession Farmer (peanuts), naval officer
    Religion Baptist[1]
    Signature
    Military service
    Service/branch United States Navy
    Years of service 1946–1953
    Rank Lieutenant


    undefined
    With his dog, Bozo, in 1937, around age 13.
    Jimmy Carter as a midshipman at the US Naval Academy
    undefined
    With his mother, Lillian Carter, February 17, 1977
    Jimmy Carter (far right) in 1991 with President George H. W. Bush and former Presidents Gerald Ford, Richard Nixonand Ronald Reagan at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library
    undefined
    President of the United States of America, George W. Bush invited former Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter (far right) and then-President ElectBarack Obama for a meeting and lunch at The White House. Photo taken Wednesday, Jan. 7, 2009 in the Oval Office at The White House.
    Official White House portrait of Jimmy Carter
    Carter at a book signing in Phoenix, Arizona
    Former President and Navy submariner Jimmy Carter (left) hoists a replica of the USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) given to him by Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton (right) at a naming ceremony in the Pentagon on April 28, 1998
    undefined
    4 U.S. Presidents. Former President Carter (right), walks with, from left,George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush andBill Clinton during the dedication of theWilliam J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas on November 18, 2004

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    Carter in Plains, 2008.

    Jimmy Carter is a native Georgian, born and raised in the tiny southwest Georgia hamlet of Plains near the larger town of Americus. The Carter family originated from southern England (Carter's paternal ancestor arrived in the American Colonies in 1635),[5] and had lived in the state of Georgia for several generations; his great-grandfather, Private L.B. Walker Carter (1832–1874), served in the Confederate States Army.

    The first president born in a hospital,[6] he was the eldest of four children of James Earl Carter and Bessie Lillian Gordy. Carter's father was a prominent business owner in the community and his mother was aregistered nurse. He was a gifted student from an early age who always had a fondness for reading. By the time he attended Plains High School, he was also a star in basketball. He was greatly influenced by one of his high school teachers, Julia Coleman (1889–1973). While he was in high school he was in the Future Farmers of America , which later changed its name to the National FFA Organization , serving as the Plains FFA Chapter Secretary.[7]

    After high school, Carter enrolled at Georgia Southwestern College, in Americus. He would later apply to theUnited States Naval Academy and, after taking additional mathematics courses at Georgia Tech, he was admitted in 1943. Carter graduated 59th out of 820 midshipmen.[8]

    Carter had three younger siblings: his brother, William Alton "Billy" Carter (1937–1988), and sisters Gloria Carter Spann (1926–1990) and Ruth Carter Stapleton (1929–1983). During Carter's Presidency, his brother Billy was often in the news, often in an unflattering light.

    He married Rosalynn Smith in 1946. They had four children: John William "Jack" Carter (born 1947); James Earl "Chip" Carter III(born 1950); Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter, (born 1952) and Amy Lynn Carter (born 1967).

    He is a cousin of Motown founder Berry Gordy Jr. on his mother's side, and a cousin of the late June Carter Cash [9].

    Naval career

    Carter served on surface ships and on diesel-electric submarines in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. As a junior officer, he completed qualification for command of a diesel-electric submarine. He applied for the US Navy's fledgling nuclear submarine program run by then Captain Hyman G. Rickover. Rickover's demands on his men and machines were legendary, and Carter later said that, next to his parents, Rickover had the greatest influence on him.

    Carter has said that he loved the Navy, and had planned to make it his career. His ultimate goal was to become Chief of Naval Operations. Carter felt the best route for promotion was with submarine duty since he felt that nuclear power would be increasingly used in submarines. During service on the diesel-electric submarineUSS Pomfret, Carter was almost washed overboard.[10] After six years of military service, Carter trained for the position of engineering officer in submarine USS Seawolf, then under construction.[11] Carter completed a non-credit introductory course in nuclear reactor power at Union College starting in March 1953. This followed Carter's first-hand experience as part of a group of American and Canadian servicemen who took part in cleaning up after a partial nuclear meltdown at Canada's Chalk River Laboratories reactor in 1952.[12][13]

    Upon the death of his father, James Earl Carter, Sr., in July 1953, Lieutenant Carter immediately resigned his commission, and he was discharged from the Navy on October 9, 1953.[14][15] This cut short his nuclear powerplant operator training, and he was never able to serve on a nuclear submarine, since the first boat of that fleet, the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), was launched on January 17, 1955, over a year after his discharge from the Navy.[16]

    Farming and teachings

    After his naval service, Carter then took over and expanded his family business in Plains. There he was involved in a peanut farming accident that left him with a permanently bent finger. His farming business was successful, and during the 1970 gubernatorial campaign, he was considered a wealthy peanut farmer.[17]

    From a young age, Carter showed a deep commitment to Christianity, serving as a Sunday School teacher throughout his life. Even as President, Carter prayed several times a day, and professed that Jesus Christ was the driving force in his life. Carter had been greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man, called, "If you were arrested for being a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?"[18]

    Early political career

    State Senate

    Jimmy Carter started his career by serving on various local boards, governing such entities as the schools, hospitals, and libraries, among others. In the 1960s, he served two terms in the Georgia Senate from the fourteenth district of Georgia.

    His 1961 election to the state Senate, which followed the end of Georgia's County Unit System (per the Supreme Court case of Gray v. Sanders), was chronicled in his book Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. The election involved corruption led by Joe Hurst, the sheriff of Quitman County; system abuses included votes from deceased persons and tallies filled with people who supposedly voted in alphabetical order. It took a challenge of the fraudulent results for Carter to win the election. Carter was reelected in 1964, to serve a second two-year term.

    For a time in State Senate he chaired its Education Committee.[19]

    In 1966, Carter declined running for re-election as a state senator to pursue a gubernatorial run. His first cousin, Hugh Carter, was elected as a Democrat and took over his seat in the Senate.

    Campaigns for Governor

    Main article: Georgia gubernatorial election, 1966

    In 1966, during the end of his career as a state senator, he flirted with the idea of running for the United States House of Representatives. His Republican opponent dropped out and decided to run for Governor of Georgia. Carter did not want to see a Republican Governor of his state, and, in turn, dropped out of the race for Congress and joined the race to become Governor. Carter lost the Democratic primary, but drew enough votes as a third place candidate to force the favorite, Ellis Arnall, into arunoff election, setting off a chain of events which resulted in the election of Lester Maddox. During this race Carter ran as a moderate alternative to both liberal Arnall and conservative Maddox.[19] Although he lost, his strong third place finish was viewed as a success for a little-known state senator.[19]

    Main article: Georgia gubernatorial election, 1970

    For the next four years, Carter returned to his agriculture business and carefully planned for his next campaign for Governor in 1970, making over 1,800 speeches throughout the state.

    During his 1970 campaign, he ran an uphill populist campaign in the Democratic primary against former Governor Carl Sanders, labeling his opponent "Cufflinks Carl". Carter was never a segregationist, and refused to join the segregationist White Citizens' Council, prompting a boycott of his peanut warehouse. He also had been one of only two families which voted to admit blacks to the Plains Baptist Church.[20] However, he "said things the segregationists wanted to hear", according to historian E. Stanly Godbold.[21] Also, Carter's campaign aides handed out a photograph of his opponent celebrating with black basketball players.[22][23] Following his close victory over Sanders in the primary, he was elected Governor over Republican Hal Suit.

    Governor of Georgia

    Carter was sworn in as the 76th Governor of Georgia on January 12, 1971 and held this post for one term, until January 14, 1975. Governors of Georgia were not allowed to succeed themselves at the time. His predecessor as Governor, Lester Maddox, became the Lieutenant Governor. However, Carter and Maddox found little common ground during their four years of service, often publicly feuding with each other.[24][25]

    Civil rights politics

    Carter declared in his inaugural speech that the time of racial segregation was over, and that racial discrimination had no place in the future of the state. He was the first statewide office holder in the Deep South to say this in public.[26] Afterwards, Carter appointed many African Americans to statewide boards and offices. He was often called one of the "New Southern Governors" – much more moderate than their predecessors, and supportive of racial desegregation and expanding African-Americans' rights.

    Abortion

    Although "personally opposed" to abortion, subsequent to the landmark US Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 (1973) Carter supported legalized abortion.[27] He did not support increased federal funding for abortion services as president and was criticized by the ACLU for not doing enough to find alternatives to abortion.[28]

    State government reforms

    Carter improved government efficiency by merging about 300 state agencies into 30 agencies. One of his aides recalled that Governor Carter "was right there with us, working just as hard, digging just as deep into every little problem. It was his program and he worked on it as hard as anybody, and the final product was distinctly his." He also pushed reforms through the legislature, providing equal state aid to schools in the wealthy and poor areas of Georgia, set up community centers for mentally handicapped children, and increased educational programs for convicts. Carter took pride in a program he introduced for the appointment of judges and state government officials. Under this program, all such appointments were based on merit, rather than political influence.[29][30]

    Vice-Presidential aspirations in 1972

    In 1972, as US Senator George McGovern of South Dakota was marching toward the Democratic nomination for President, Carter called a news conference in Atlanta to warn that McGovern was unelectable. Carter criticized McGovern as too liberal on both foreign and domestic policy, yet when McGovern's nomination became a foregone conclusion, Carter lobbied to become his vice-presidential running mate.

    During the 1972 Democratic National Convention he endorsed the candidacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington.[31] However, Carter received 30 votes at theDemocratic National Convention in the chaotic ballot for Vice President. McGovern offered the second spot to Reubin Askew, from next door Florida and one of the "new southern governors", but he declined.

    Death penalty and crime

    After the US Supreme Court overturned Georgia's death penalty law in 1972, Carter quickly proposed state legislation to replace the death penalty with life in prison (an option which previously didn't exist).[32]

    When the legislature passed a new death penalty statute, Carter, despite voicing reservations about its constitutionality[33], signed new legislation on March 28, 1973[34]to authorize the death penalty for murder, rape and other offenses, and to implement trial procedures which would conform to the newly-announced constitutional requirements. In 1976, the Supreme Court upheld Georgia's new death penalty for murder; in the case of Coker v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional as applied to rape.

    Many in America were outraged by William Calley's life sentence at Fort Benning for his role in the My Lai Massacre; Carter instituted "American Fighting Man's Day" and asked Georgians to drive for a week with their lights on in support of Calley.[35] Indiana's governor asked all state flags to be flown at half-staff for Calley, and Utah's and Mississippi's governors also disagreed with the verdict.[35]

    Despite his earlier support, Carter soon became a death penalty opponent, and during Presidential campaigns (like previous nominee George McGovern and two successive nominees, Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis), this was noted.[36] Currently, Carter is known for his outspoken opposition to the death penalty in all forms; in his Nobel Prize lecture, he urged "prohibition of the death penalty".[37]

    United States Senate appointment

    Richard Russell, Jr., then-President pro tempore of the United States Senate, died in office on January 21, 1971. Carter, only nine days into his governorship, appointed state Democratic Party chair David H. Gambrell to fill an unexpired Russell term in the Senate on February 1.[38] Gambrell was defeated in the next Democratic primaryby the more conservative Sam Nunn.

    Other activities

    In 1973, while Governor of Georgia, Carter filed a report on his 1969 UFO sighting with the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[39][40][41] However, in 2007, Carter stated that he did not remember why he filed the report and that he believes he probably only did it at the request of one of his children. He also stated he does not believe it was an alien spacecraft, but rather believes it was likely some sort of military experiment being conducted from a nearby military base.[42]

    Carter made an appearance as the first guest of the evening on an episode of the game show What's My Line in 1974, signing in as "X", lest his name give away his occupation. After his job was identified on question seven of ten by Gene Shalit, he talked about having brought movie production to the state of Georgia, citingDeliverance, and the then-unreleased The Longest Yard.

    In 1974, Carter was chairman of the Democratic National Committee's congressional, as well as gubernatorial, campaigns.

    1976 presidential campaign

    Main article: United States presidential election, 1976

    When Carter entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1976, he was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians. He had aname recognition of only two percent. When he told his family of his intention to run for President, his mother asked, "President of what?" However, the Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, and so his position as an outsider, distant from Washington, D.C., became an asset. The centerpiece of his campaign platform was government reorganization.

    Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. He used a two-prong strategy: In the South, which most had tacitly conceded to Alabama's George Wallace, Carter ran as a moderate favorite son. When Wallace proved to be a spent force, Carter swept the region. In the North, Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters and had little chance of winning a majority in most states. He won several Northern states by building the largest single bloc. Carter's strategy involved reaching a region before another candidate could extend influence there. He traveled over 50,000 miles, visited 37 states, and delivered over 200 speeches before any other candidates even announced that they were in the race.[43] Initially dismissed as a regional candidate, Carter proved to be the only Democrat with a truly national strategy, and he eventually clinched the nomination.

    The media discovered and promoted Carter, as Lawrence Shoup noted in his 1980 book The Carter Presidency and Beyond:

    “ What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months. ”

    Carter was interviewed by Robert Scheer of Playboy for its November 1976 issue, which hit the newsstands a couple of weeks before the election. It was here that in the course of a digression on his religion's view of pride, Carter admitted: "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times."[44] He remains the only American president to be interviewed by this magazine.

    As late as January 26, 1976, Carter was the first choice of only four percent of Democratic voters, according to a Gallup poll. Yet "by mid-March 1976 Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the Democratic presidential nomination, he also led President Ford by a few percentage points", according to Shoup.

    He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate. He attacked Washington in his speeches, and offered a religious salve for the nation's wounds.[45]

    Carter began the race with a sizable lead over Ford, who was able to narrow the gap over the course of the campaign, but was unable to prevent Carter from narrowly defeating him on November 2, 1976. Carter won the popular vote by 50.1 percent to 48.0 percent for Ford and received 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240. He became the first contender from the Deep South to be elected President since the 1848 election.

    Presidency - 1977–1981

    Carter was elected over Gerald Ford and Eugene McCarthy in 1976. His tenure was a time of continuing inflation and recession, as well as an energy crisis. On January 7, 1980, Carter signed Law H.R. 5860 aka Public Law 96-185 known as The Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 bailing out Chrysler Corporation. He led the plan to deregulate the airline industry. He canceled military pay raises during a time of high inflation and government deficits. He declared amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers. He encouraged energy conservation, installed solar panels in the White House and wore sweaters while turning down the heat. While attempting to calm various conflicts around the World, most visibly in the Middle East resulting in the signing of the Camp David Accords, giving back the Panama Canal and signing the SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty with the USSR, the final year of his administration was marred by the Iran hostage crisis which contributed to his loss in his 1980 campaign for re-election to Ronald Reagan.

    He wore a sweater on April 17, 1977 and delivered a fireside chat where he famously declared that the energy situation was themoral equivalent of war while clenching his fist.

    Carter wrote that the most intense and mounting opposition to his policies came from the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, which he attributed to Ted Kennedy’s ambition to replace him as president.[46]

    Post-Presidency

    In 1981, Carter returned to Georgia to his peanut farm, which he had placed into a blind trust during his presidency to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest. He found that the trustees had mismanaged the trust, leaving him over one million dollars in debt. In the years that followed, he has led an active life, establishing The Carter Center, building his presidential library, teaching at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and writing numerous books.[45]

    Legacy

    When he first left office, Carter's presidency was viewed by some as a failure.[47][48][49] In historical rankings of US presidents, the Carter presidency has ranged from #19 to #34. Although Carter's presidency received mixed reviews from some historians, his all-around peace keeping and humanitarian efforts since he left office have led him to be widely renowned as one of the most successful ex-presidents in US history.[50][51]

    Although Carter has also received mixed reviews in both television and film documentaries, such as the Man from Plains (2007), the 2009 Documentary, Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace, credits Carter's efforts at Camp David, which brought peace between Israel and Egypt, with bringing the only meaningful peace to the Middle East. The film opened the 2009 Monte-Carlo Television Festival in an invitation-only royal screening[52] on June 7, 2009 at the Grimaldi Forum in the presence of His Serene Highness Albert II, Prince of Monaco.[53] The film has not yet shown in the United States, an indication of Carter's comparatively high popularity overseas versus at home in the U.S.[54]

    Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale are the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On December 11, 2006, they had been out of office for 25 years and 325 days, surpassing the former record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who both died on July 4, 1826.

    Jimmy Carter is one of only four presidents,[55] and the only one in modern history, who did not have an opportunity to nominate a judge to serve on the Supreme Court.

    Public image

    The Independent reported, "Carter is widely considered a better man than he was a president."[56] While he began his term with a 66% approval rating,[57] this dropped to 34% approval by the time he left office, with 55% disapproving.[58]

    In the wake of Nixon's Watergate Scandal, exit polls from the 1976 Presidential election suggested that many still held Gerald Ford's pardon of Nixon against him,[59]and Carter by comparison seemed a sincere, honest, and well-meaning Southerner.[56]

    When Carter ran for reelection, Ronald Reagan's nonchalant self-confidence contrasted to Carter's serious and introspective temperament. Carter's personal attention to detail, seeming indecisiveness and weakness with people was also accentuated by Reagan's charm and easy delegation of tasks to subordinates.[60] Ultimately, the combination of the economic problems, Iran hostage crisis, and lack of Washington cooperation made it easy for Reagan to portray him as an ineffectual leader.

    Since leaving office, Carter's reputation has much improved. Carter's presidential approval rating, which sat at 31% just prior to the 1980 election, was polled in early 2009 at 64%.[61] Carter's continued post-Presidency activities have also been favorably received. Carter explains that a great deal of this change was owed to Reagan's successor, George H.W. Bush, who actively sought him out and was far more courteous and interested in his advice than Reagan had been.[56] Carter has maintained working relationships with former Presidents Clinton and George H.W. Bush, and despite their political differences the three men all have become good friends over the years while working together in a number of humanitarian and other projects.[62]


    USA Preseident Jimmy Carter a founding senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason

    James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate followed by the governorship of the state of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975,[2] and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.

    As president, Carter created two new cabinet-level departments: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties and the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II). Carter sought to put a stronger emphasis on human rights; he negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1979. His return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama was seen as a major concession of US influence in Latin America, and Carter came under heavy criticism for it. His term came during a period of persistentstagflation in a number of countries, including the United States, which significantly damaged his popularity. The final year of his presidential tenure was marked by several major crises, including the 1979 takeover of the American embassy in Iran and holding of hostages by Iranian students, an unsuccessful rescue attempt of the hostages, serious fuel shortages, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. By 1980, Carter's disapproval ratings were significantly higher than his approval, and he was challenged by Ted Kennedy for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1980 election. Carter defeated Kennedy for the nomination, but lost the election to Republican Ronald Reagan.

    After leaving office, Carter and his wife Rosalynn founded The Carter Center in 1982,[3] a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization that works to advance human rights. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, observe elections, and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations. Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project,[4] and also remains particularly vocal on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

    Carter Center

    As President, Carter expressed a goal of making government "competent and compassionate." In pursuit of that vision, he has been involved in a variety of national and international public policy, conflict resolution, human rights and charitable causes.

    In 1982, he established The Carter Center in Atlanta, Georgia, to advance human rights and alleviate unnecessary human suffering. The non-profit, nongovernmental Center promotes democracy, mediates and prevents conflicts, and monitors the electoral process in support of free and fair elections. It also works to improve global health through the control and eradication of diseases such as Guinea worm disease, river blindness, malaria, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis. It also works to diminish the stigmaagainst mental illnesses and improve nutrition through increased crop production in Africa. A major accomplishment of The Carter Center has been the elimination of more than 99% of cases of Guinea worm disease, a debilitating parasite that has existed since ancient times, from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 to fewer than 10,000 cases in 2007.[63] The Carter Center has monitored 70 elections in 28 countries since 1989.[64] It has worked to resolve conflicts in Haiti, Bosnia, Ethiopia, North Korea, Sudan and other countries. Carter and the Center actively support human rights defenders around the world and have intervened with heads of state on their behalf.

    Nobel Peace Prize

    In 2002, President Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work "to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development" throughThe Carter Center.[65] Three sitting presidents, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama, have received the prize; Carter is unique in receiving the award for his actions after leaving the presidency. He is, along with Martin Luther King, Jr., one of only two native Georgians to receive the Nobel.

    Diplomacy

    North Korea

    In 1994, North Korea had expelled investigators from the International Atomic Energy Agency and was threatening to begin processing spent nuclear fuel. In response then-President Clinton pressured for US sanctions and ordered large amounts of troops and vehicles into the area to brace for war.

    Bill Clinton secretly recruited Carter to undertake a peace mission to North Korea,[66] under the guise that it was a private mission of Carter's. Clinton saw Carter as a way to let North Korean President Kim Il-sung back down without losing face.[67]

    Carter negotiated an understanding with Kim Il-sung, but went further and outlined a treaty which he announced on CNN without the permission of the Clinton White House as a way to force the US into action. The Clinton Administration signed a later version of the Agreed Framework, under which North Korea agreed to freeze and ultimately dismantle its current nuclear program and comply with its nonproliferation obligations in exchange for oil deliveries, the construction of two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors, and discussions for eventual diplomatic relations.

    The agreement was widely hailed at the time as a significant diplomatic achievement.[68] However, in December 2002, the Agreed Framework collapsed as a result of a dispute between the George W. Bush Administration and the North Korean government of Kim Jong-il. In 2001, President George W. Bush had taken a confrontational position toward North Korea and, in January 2002, named it as part of an "Axis of Evil." Meanwhile, North Korea began developing the capability to enrich uranium. Bush Administration opponents of the Agreed Framework believed that the North Korean government never intended to give up a nuclear weapons program, but supporters believed that the agreement could have been successful and was undermined.[69]

    Middle East

    Carter and experts from The Carter Center assisted unofficial Israeli and Palestinian negotiators in designing a model agreement for peace–-called the Geneva Accord–-in 2002–2003.[70]

    Carter has also in recent years become a frequent critic of Israel's policies in Lebanon, West Bank, and Gaza.[71][72]

    In April 2008, the London-based Arabic newspaper Al-Hayat reported that Carter met with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal on his visit to Syria. The Carter Centerinitially did not confirm nor deny the story. The US State Department considers Hamas a terrorist organization.[73] Within this Mid-East trip, Carter also laid a wreath on the grave of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah on April 14, 2008.[74] Carter said on April 23 that neither Condoleezza Rice nor anyone else in the State Department had warned him against meeting with Hamas leaders during his trip.[75] Carter spoke to Mashaal on several matters, including "formulas for prisoner exchange to obtain the release of Corporal Shalit."[76]

    In May 2007, while arguing that the United States should directly talk to Iran, Carter stated that Israel has 150 nuclear weapons in its arsenal.[77]

    In December 2008, Carter visited Damascus again, where he met with Syrian President Bashar Assad, and the Hamas leadership. During his visit he gave an exclusive interview to Forward Magazine, the first ever interview for any American president, current or former, with a Syrian media outlet.[78][79]

    Africa

    Carter held summits in Egypt and Tunisia in 1995–1996 to address violence in the Great Lakes region of Africa.[80]

    Carter played a key role in negotiation of the Nairobi Agreement in 1999 between Sudan and Uganda.[81]

    On July 18, 2007, Carter joined Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, South Africa, to announce his participation in a new humanitarian organization called The Elders. In October 2007, Carter toured Darfur with several of The Elders, including Desmond Tutu. Sudanese security prevented him from visiting a Darfuri tribal leader, leading to a heated exchange.[82]

    On June 18, 2007, Carter, accompanied by his wife, arrived in Dublin, Ireland, for talks with President Mary McAleese and Bertie Ahern concerning human rights. On June 19, Carter attended and spoke at the annual Human Rights Forum at Croke Park. An agreement between Irish Aid and The Carter Center was also signed on this day.

    In November 2008, President Carter, former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, and Graca Machel, wife of Nelson Mandela, were stopped from entering Zimbabwe, to inspect the human rights situation, by President Robert Mugabe's government.

    Americas

    Carter led a mission to Haiti in 1994 with Senator Sam Nunn and former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to avert a US-led multinational invasion and restore to power Haiti's democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide.[83]

    Carter visited Cuba in May 2002 and had full discussions with Fidel Castro and the Cuban government. He was allowed to address the Cuban public uncensored on national television and radio with a speech that he wrote and presented in Spanish. In the speech, he called on the US to end "an ineffective 43-year-old economic embargo" and on Castro to hold free elections, improve human rights, and allow greater civil liberties.[84] He met with political dissidents; visited the AIDS sanitarium, a medical school, a biotech facility, an agricultural production cooperative, and a school for disabled children; and threw a pitch for an all-star baseball game in Havana. The visit made Carter the first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since the Cuban revolution of 1959.[85]

    Carter observed the Venezuela recall elections on August 15, 2004. European Union observers had declined to participate, saying too many restrictions were put on them by the Hugo Chávez administration.[86] A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote.[87] The Carter Center stated that the process "suffered from numerous irregularities," but said it did not observe or receive "evidence of fraud that would have changed the outcome of the vote".[88] On the afternoon of August 16, 2004, the day after the vote, Carter and Organization of American States (OAS) Secretary General César Gaviria gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the National Electoral Council. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council," said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had "found no element of fraud in the process." Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future".[89] However, a Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates (PSB) exit poll had predicted that Chávez would lose by 20%; when the election results showed him to have won by 20%, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud".[90] US News and World Report offered an analysis of the polls, indicating "very good reason to believe that the [Penn, Schoen & Berland] exit poll had the result right, and that Chávez's election officials – and Carter and the American media – got it wrong." The exit poll and the government's programming of election machines became the basis of claims of election fraud. Indymedia, citing the Associated Press, reports that Penn, Schoen & Berland used Súmate [pro-recall] volunteers for fieldwork, and its results contradicted five other opposition exit polls.[91]

    Following Ecuador's severing of ties with Colombia in March 2008, Carter brokered a deal for agreement between the countries' respective presidents on the restoration of low-level diplomatic relations announced June 8, 2008.[92][93]

    Vietnam

    On November 18, 2009, Carter visited Vietnam to build houses for the poor. The one-week program, known as Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Work Project 2009, would bring 32 houses to Dong Xa village in the northern province of Hai Duong. The project launch was scheduled for November 14, the news source quoted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Nguyen Phuong Nga as saying. Administered by the non-governmental and non-profit Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI), the annual program of 2009 would build and repair 166 homes in Vietnam and some other Asian countries with the support of nearly 3,000 volunteers around the world, the organization said on its website. HFHI has worked in Vietnam since 2001 to provide low-cost housing, water and sanitation solutions for the poor. It has worked in provinces like Tien Giang and Dong Nai as well as Ho Chi Minh City.[94]

    Criticism of US policy

    In 2001, Carter criticized President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich, calling it "disgraceful" and suggesting that Rich's financial contributions to the Democratic Party were a factor in Clinton's action.[95] Carter has also criticized the presidency of George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In a 2003 New York Times editorial, Carter warned against the consequences of a war inIraq and urged restraint in use of military force.[96] In March 2004, Carter condemned George W. Bush and Tony Blair for waging an unnecessary war "based upon lies and misinterpretations" in order to oust Saddam Hussein. In August 2006, Carter criticized Blair for being "subservient" to the Bush administration and accused Blair of giving unquestioning support to Bush's Iraq policies.[97] In a May 2007 interview with the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, he said, "I think as far as the adverse impact on the nation around the world, this administration has been the worst in history," when it comes to foreign affairs.[98][99] However, two days after the quote was published, Carter told NBC's Today that the "worst in history" comment was "careless or misinterpreted," and that he "wasn't comparing this administration with other administrations back through history, but just with President Nixon's."[100] The day after the "worst in history" comment was published, White House spokesman Tony Fratto said that Carter had become "increasingly irrelevant with these kinds of comments."[101] On May 19, 2007, Mr. Blair made his final visit to Iraq before stepping down as British Prime Minister, and Carter used the occasion to criticize him once again. Carter told the BBC that Blair was "apparently subservient" to Bush and criticized him for his "blind support" for the Iraq war.[102] Carter described Blair's actions as "abominable" and stated that the British Prime Minister's "almost undeviating support for the ill-advised policies of President Bush in Iraq have been a major tragedy for the world." Carter said he believes that had Blair distanced himself from the Bush administration during the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it may have made a crucial difference to American political and public opinion, and consequently the invasion might not have gone ahead. Carter states that "one of the defenses of the Bush administration...has been, okay, we must be more correct in our actions than the world thinks because Great Britain is backing us. So I think the combination of Bush and Blair giving their support to this tragedy in Iraq has strengthened the effort and has made the opposition less effective, and prolonged the war and increased the tragedy that has resulted." Carter expressed his hope that Blair's successor, Gordon Brown, would be "less enthusiastic" about Bush's Iraq policy.[102] In June 2005, Carter urged the closing of the Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba, which has been a focal point for recent claims of prisoner abuse.[103]

    In September 2006, Carter was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs program Newsnight, voicing his concern at the increasing influence of the Religious Right on US politics.[104]

    Due to his status as former President, Carter was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Carter announced his endorsement of Senator (now president) Barack Obama. This occurred on June 3, 2008, near the end of the primary season.[citation needed]

    Speaking to the English Monthly Forward Magazine of Syria, Carter was asked to give one word that came to mind when mentioning President George W. Bush. His answer was: the end of a very disappointing administration. His reaction to mentioning Barack Obama was: Honesty, intelligence, and politically adept.[105]

    In 2009 he put weight behind allegations by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, pertaining to United States involvement in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt by a civilian-military junta, saying that Washington knew about the coup and may have taken part.[106]

    Death penalty

    Carter continues to speak out against the death penalty in the US and abroad. Most recently, in his letter to the Governor of New Mexico, Bill Richardson, Carter urged him to sign a bill to eliminate the death penalty and institute life in prison without parole instead. The bill has already been passed by the state House and Senate. Carter wrote: As you know, the United States is one of the few countries, along with nations such as Saudi Arabia, China, and Cuba, which still carry out the death penalty despite the ongoing tragedy of wrongful conviction and gross racial and class-based disparities that make impossible the fair implementation of this ultimate punishment.[107]

    Carter also called for commutations of death sentences for many death row inmates, including Brian K. Baldwin (executed in 1999 in Alabama),[108] Kenneth Foster(sentence in Texas commuted in 2007)[109][110] and Troy Anthony Davis (Georgia, case pending).[111]

    Torture

    In a 2008 interview with Amnesty International, Carter criticized the alleged use of torture in Guantanamo Bay, saying that it "contravenes the basic principles on which this nation was founded."[112] He stated that the next President should publicly apologize upon his inauguration, and state that the United States will "never again torture prisoners."

    Carter has been a prolific author in his post-presidency, writing 21 of his 23 books. Among these is one he co-wrote with his wife,Rosalynn, and a children's book illustrated by his daughter, Amy. They cover a variety of topics, including humanitarian work, aging, religion, human rights, and poetry.

    Further information: List of books by Jimmy Carter

    Palestine Peace Not Apartheid

    Main articles: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid and Commentary on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid
    See also: Israel and the apartheid analogy

    In his book Palestine Peace Not Apartheid, published in November 2006, Carter states:

    Israel's continued control and colonization of Palestinian land have been the primary obstacles to a comprehensive peace agreement in the Holy Land.[113]

    While he recognizes that Arab citizens in Israel proper have equal rights,[114] he declares that Israel's current policies in the Palestinian territories constitute "a system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land, but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights."[113] In an Op-Ed titled "Speaking Frankly about Israel and Palestine," published in the Los Angeles Times and other newspapers, Carter states:

    The ultimate purpose of my book is to present facts about the Middle East that are largely unknown in America, to precipitate discussion and to help restart peace talks (now absent for six years) that can lead to permanent peace for Israel and its neighbors. Another hope is that Jews and other Americans who share this same goal might be motivated to express their views, even publicly, and perhaps in concert. I would be glad to help with that effort.[115]

    While some – such as a former Special Rapporteur for both the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the International Law Commission, as well as a member of the Israeli Knesset – have praised Carter for speaking frankly about Palestinians in Israeli occupied lands, others – including the envoy to the Middle East under Clinton, as well as the first director of the Carter Center[116][117] – have accused him of anti-Israeli bias. Specifically, these critics have alleged significant factual errors, omissions and misstatements in the book.[118][119] Apparently angered by Carter's book, Israeli security refused to provide Carter protection during the first part of an April 2008 visit.[120]

    The 2007 documentary film, Man from Plains, follows President Carter during his tour for the controversial book and other Humanitarian Efforts.[121]

    In December 2009, Carter apologized for any words or deeds that may have upset the Jewish community in an open letter meant to improve an often tense relationship. He said he was offering an Al Het, a prayer said on Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement.

    Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, are also well-known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity, a Georgia-based philanthropy that helps low-income working people to build and buy their own homes.

    He teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church in his hometown of Plains, Georgia.[123] In 2000, Carter severed ties with the Southern Baptist Convention, saying the group's doctrines did not align with his Christian beliefs.[124] In April 2006, Carter, former-President Bill Clinton and Mercer University President Bill Underwood initiated the New Baptist Covenant. The broadly inclusive movement seeks to unite Baptists of all races, cultures and convention affiliations. Eighteen Baptist leaders representing more than 20 million Baptists across North America backed the group as an alternative to the Southern Baptist Convention. The group held its first meeting in Atlanta, January 30 through February 1, 2008.[125]

    Carter's hobbies include painting,[126] fly-fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing.

    The Carters have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and one great-grandson.

    He is Elvis Presley's sixth cousin.[127]

    Honors and awards

    Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, are also well-known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity, a Georgia-based philanthropy that helps low-income working people to build and buy their own homes.

    He teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church in his hometown of Plains, Georgia.[123] In 2000, Carter severed ties with the Southern Baptist Convention, saying the group's doctrines did not align with his Christian beliefs.[124] In April 2006, Carter, former-President Bill Clinton and Mercer University President Bill Underwood initiated the New Baptist Covenant. The broadly inclusive movement seeks to unite Baptists of all races, cultures and convention affiliations. Eighteen Baptist leaders representing more than 20 million Baptists across North America backed the group as an alternative to the Southern Baptist Convention. The group held its first meeting in Atlanta, January 30 through February 1, 2008.[125]

    Carter's hobbies include painting,[126] fly-fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing.

    The Carters have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and one great-grandson.

    He is Elvis Presley's sixth cousin.[127]

    Honors and awards

    Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, are also well-known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity, a Georgia-based philanthropy that helps low-income working people to build and buy their own homes.

    He teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church in his hometown of Plains, Georgia.[123] In 2000, Carter severed ties with the Southern Baptist Convention, saying the group's doctrines did not align with his Christian beliefs.[124] In April 2006, Carter, former-President Bill Clinton and Mercer University President Bill Underwood initiated the New Baptist Covenant. The broadly inclusive movement seeks to unite Baptists of all races, cultures and convention affiliations. Eighteen Baptist leaders representing more than 20 million Baptists across North America backed the group as an alternative to the Southern Baptist Convention. The group held its first meeting in Atlanta, January 30 through February 1, 2008.[125]

    Carter's hobbies include painting,[126] fly-fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing.

    The Carters have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and one great-grandson.

    He is Elvis Presley's sixth cousin.[127]

    Honors and awards

    Carter has received honorary degrees from many American and foreign colleges and universities. They include:

    Among the honors Carter has received are the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Others include:

    • Freedom of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1977
    • Silver Buffalo Award, Boy Scouts of America, 1978
    • Gold medal, International Institute for Human Rights, 1979
    • International Mediation medal, American Arbitration Association, 1979
    • Martin Luther King, Jr., Nonviolent Peace Prize, 1979
    • International Human Rights Award, Synagogue Council of America, 1979
    • Conservationist of the Year Award, 1979
    • Harry S. Truman Public Service Award, 1981
    • Ansel Adams Conservation Award, Wilderness Society, 1982
    • Human Rights Award, International League of Human Rights, 1983
    • World Methodist Peace Award, 1985
    • Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, 1987
    • Edwin C. Whitehead Award, National Center for Health Education, 1989
    • Jefferson Award, American Institute of Public Service, 1990
    • Liberty Medal, National Constitution Center, 1990
    • Spirit of America Award, National Council for the Social Studies, 1990
    • Physicians for Social Responsibility Award, 1991
    • Aristotle Prize, Alexander S. Onassis Foundation, 1991
    • W. Averell Harriman Democracy Award, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1992
    • Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace, US Institute of Peace, 1993
    • Humanitarian Award, CARE International, 1993
    • Conservationist of the Year Medal, National Wildlife Federation, 1993
    • Rotary Award for World Understanding, 1994
    • J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding, 1994
    • National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Award, 1994
    • UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, 1994
    • Great Cross of the Order of Vasco Nunéz de Balboa, Panama, 1995
    • Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Award, Africare, 1996
    • Humanitarian of the Year, GQ Awards, 1996
    • Kiwanis International Humanitarian Award, 1996
    • Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, 1997
    • Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Awards for Humanitarian Contributions to the Health of Humankind, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, 1997
    • United Nations Human Rights Award, 1998
    • The Hoover Medal, 1998
    • The Delta Prize for Global Understanding, University of Georgia, 1999
    • International Child Survival Award, UNICEF Atlanta, 1999
    • William Penn Mott, Jr., Park Leadership Award, National Parks Conservation Association, 2000
    • Zayed International Prize for the Environment, 2001
    • Jonathan M. Daniels Humanitarian Award, VMI, 2001
    • Herbert Hoover Humanitarian Award, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, 2001
    • Christopher Award, 2002
    • Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, 2007[128]
    • Berkeley Medal, University of California campus, May 2, 2007
    • International Award for Excellence and Creativity, Palestinian Authority, 2009[129]
    • Mahatma Gandhi Global Nonviolence Award, Mahatma Gandhi Center for Global Nonviolence, James Madison University (to be awarded September 21, 2009, inHarrisonburg, Virginia, and to be shared with his wife, Rosalynn Carter)
    • Recipient of 2009 American Peace Award along with Rosalynn Carter[130]

    In 1998, the US Navy named the third and last Seawolf-class submarine honoring former President Carter and his service as a submariner officer. It became one of the first US Navy vessels to be named for a person living at the time of naming.[131]

    Participation in ceremonial events

    Carter has participated in many ceremonial events such as the opening of his own presidential library and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. He has also participated in many forums, lectures, panels, funerals and other events. Carter delivered a eulogy at the funeral of Coretta Scott King and, most recently, at the funeral of his former political rival, but later his close, personal friend and diplomatic collaborator, Gerald Ford. Whether Carter will be included in thePresidential $1 Coin Program depends on whether he is still alive in 2014.

    Race in politics

    Carter ignited debate in September 2009 when he stated, "I think an overwhelming portion of the intensely demonstrated animosity toward President Barack Obama is based on the fact that he is a black man, that he is African-American."[132][133] Obama disagreed with Carter's assessment. On CNN Obama stated, "Are there people out there who don't like me because of race? I'm sure there are...that's not the overriding issue here."[134]

    Funeral and burial plans

    Carter intends to be buried in front of his home in Plains, Georgia. In contrast, most Presidents since Herbert Hoover have been buried at their presidential library or presidential museum, with the exception of John F. Kennedy, who is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, and Lyndon B. Johnson, who is buried at his own ranch. Both President Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, were born in Plains. Carter also noted that a funeral in Washington, D.C. with visitation at the Carter Center is being planned as well.[135]

    Pop culture

    Carter is portrayed as a member of a superhero team in the animated feature The X-Presidents on a Saturday Night Live TV program.[136]

    Carter is also featured in the animated sitcom King of the Hill in the episode "The Father, The Son and J.C."


    The world's War Machine that it is argued by conspiracy author David Icke has been mastminded financed and promoted by the Bilderberg Group, the Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason as way of achieving their various economic, financial and social aims in the world as the world shadow government



    Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) was the 32nd President of theUnited States 
    a founding senior member of the Bilderberg Group, The Trilaterial Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations and a Freemason
    In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42,
    taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President

    Franklin D. Roosevelt
    undefined
    In office
    March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
    Vice President John N. Garner (1933–1941)
    Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
    Harry S. Truman (1945)
    Preceded by Herbert Hoover
    Succeeded by Harry S. Truman
    In office
    January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932
    Lieutenant Herbert H. Lehman
    Preceded by Alfred E. Smith
    Succeeded by Herbert H. Lehman
    In office
    1913 – 1920
    President Woodrow Wilson
    In office
    January 1, 1911 – March 17, 1913
    Constituency Dutchess County
    Born January 30, 1882
    Hyde Park, New York
    Died April 12, 1945 (aged 63)
    Warm Springs, Georgia
    Resting place Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, New York
    Birth name Franklin Delano Roosevelt
    Political party Democratic
    Spouse(s) Eleanor Roosevelt
    Children Anna Roosevelt Halsted
    James Roosevelt
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (III)
    Elliott Roosevelt
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.
    John Aspinwall Roosevelt
    Alma mater Harvard University
    Columbia Law School
    Occupation Lawyer (Corporate)
    Religion Episcopal
    Signature undefined

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    FDR in 1893

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    Young Franklin Roosevelt with his father and Helen R. Roosevelt, sailing in 1899.
    Franklin and Eleanor atCampobello Island, Canada, in 1904

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    FDR as Assistant Secretary for the Navy.

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    Cox/Roosevelt poster

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    One of two known photographs of Roosevelt in a wheelchair

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    Governor Roosevelt poses with Al Smith for a publicity shot in Albany, New York, 1930.

    Roosevelt and Hoover on Inauguration Day, 1933.

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    Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers during the depression in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, a mother of seven children at age 32, March 1936.

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    Dust storms were frequent during the 1930s; this one occurred in Texas in 1935. See the Dust Bowl.

    Roosevelt and Winston Churchillmeet at Argentia, Newfoundland aboard HMS Prince of Wales during their 1941 secret meeting to develop the Atlantic Charter.

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    Roosevelt signing the declaration of war against Japan, December 8, 1941.

    Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shekof China (left), Roosevelt (middle), and Winston Churchill (right) at theCairo Conference in 1943

    The "Big Three" Allied leaders (left to right) at Yalta February, 1945: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.

    Roosevelt meets with King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia onboard the USS Quincy at the Great Bitter Lake

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    Roosevelt's horse-drawn casket during his Pennsylvania Avenue funeral procession.
    Official White House portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt
    The coat of arms of the Roosevelt family prior to Franklin Roosevelt's personal modifications 

     



    Collection of video clips of the president

    See also



    Franklin D. Roosevelt

     Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New York--now a national historic site--he attended Harvard University and Columbia Law School. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt.

    Following the example of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, whom he greatly admired, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered public service through politics, but as a Democrat. He won election to the New York Senate in 1910. President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and he was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920. In the summer of 1921, when he was 39, disaster hit-he was stricken with poliomyelitis. Demonstrating indomitable courage, he fought to regain the use of his legs, particularly through swimming. At the 1924 Democratic Convention he dramatically appeared on crutches to nominate Alfred E. Smith as "the Happy Warrior." In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York. He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first "hundred days," he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority. By 1935 the Nation had achieved some measure of recovery, but businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal program. They feared his experiments, were appalled because he had taken the Nation off the gold standard and allowed deficits in the budget, and disliked the concessions to labor. Roosevelt responded with a new program of reform: Social Security, heavier taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities, and an enormous work relief program for the unemployed. In 1936 he was re-elected by a top-heavy margin. Feeling he was armed with a popular mandate, he sought legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court, which had been invalidating key New Deal measures. Roosevelt lost the Supreme Court battle, but a revolution in constitutional law took place. Thereafter the Government could legally regulate the economy. Roosevelt had pledged the United States to the "good neighbor" policy, transforming the Monroe Doctrine from a unilateral American manifesto into arrangements for mutual action against aggressors. He also sought through neutrality legislation to keep the United States out of the war in Europe, yet at the same time to strengthen nations threatened or attacked. When France fell and England came under siege in 1940, he began to send Great Britain all possible aid short of actual military involvement. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt directed organization of the Nation's manpower and resources for global war. Feeling that the future peace of the world would depend upon relations between the United States and Russia, he devoted much thought to the planning of a United Nations, in which, he hoped, international difficulties could be settled. As the war drew to a close, Roosevelt's health deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. 
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he was often referred to by his initials,FDR. Roosevelt won his first of four presidential elections in 1932, while the United States was in the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's combination of optimism and economic activism is often credited with keeping the country's economic crisis from developing into a political crisis. He led the United States through most of World War II, and died in office of acerebral hemorrhage, shortly before the war ended. Roosevelt named his approach to the economic situation the New Deal; it consisted of legislation pushed through Congress as well as executive orders. Executive orders included the bank holiday declared when he first came to office; legislation created new government agencies, such as the Works Progress Administration and the National Recovery Administration, with the intent of creating new jobs for the unemployed. Other legislation provided direct assistance to individuals, such as the Social Security Act. As World War II began in 1939, with Japanese occupation of countries on the western Pacific rim and the rise of Hitler inGermany, FDR kept the US on an ostensibly neutral course. In March 1941, Roosevelt provided Lend-Lease aid to the countries fighting against Nazi Germany, with Great Britain the recipient of the most assistance. With the Japaneseattack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt immediately asked for and received a declaration of war against Japan. Germany subsequently declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. The nearly total mobilization of the US economy to support the war effort caused a rapid economic recovery. Roosevelt dominated the American political scene, not only during the twelve years of his presidency, but for decades afterwards. FDR's coalition melded together such disparate elements as Southern whites and African Americans in the cities of the North. Roosevelt's political impact also resonated on the world stage long after his death, with the United Nations and Bretton Woods as examples of his administration's wide ranging impact. Roosevelt is rated by historians as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.

    The family name

    Roosevelt is an Anglicized form of the Dutch surname 'Van Rosevelt,' or 'Van Rosenvelt', meaning 'from field of roses.'[1]Although some use an Anglicized spelling pronunciation of /'ru?z?v?lt/, that is, with the vowels of rue and felt, Franklin used ['ro?z?v?lt], with the vowel of the English rose.

    One of the wealthiest and oldest families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in areas other than politics. Franklin's first cousin, Ellen Roosevelt, was the 1890 U.S. Open Championships women's singles and doubles tennis champion and is a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame.

    His mother named him after her favorite uncle Franklin Delano.[2] The progenitor of the Delano family in the Americas of 1621 was Philippe de la Noye, the first Huguenot to land in the New World, whose family name was Anglicized to Delano.[3]


    Early life

    See also: Roosevelt family and Delano family
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park,New York. His father, James Roosevelt, and his mother, Sara, were each from wealthy old New York families, of Dutch and French ancestry respectively. Franklin was their only child. His paternal grandmother, Mary Rebecca Aspinwall, was a first cousin of Elizabeth Monroe, wife of the fifth U.S. President, James Monroe. One of his ancestors was John Lothropp, also an ancestor ofBenedict Arnold and Joseph Smith, Jr. One of his distant relatives from his mother's side is the author Laura Ingalls Wilder. His maternal grandfather Warren Delano II, a descendant of Mayflowerpassengers Richard Warren, Isaac Allerton, Degory Priest, and Francis Cooke, during a period of twelve years in China made more than a million dollars in the tea trade in Macau, Canton, and Hong Kong, but upon returning to the United States, he lost it all in the Panic of 1857. In 1860, he returned to China and made a fortune in the notorious but highly profitable opium trade[4] supplying opium-based medication to the U. S. War Department during the American Civil War, although not exclusively.[5]Roosevelt grew up in an atmosphere of privilege. Sara was a possessive mother, while James was an elderly and remote father (he was 54 when Franklin was born). Sara was the dominant influence in Franklin's early years.[6] Frequent trips to Europe made Roosevelt conversant in German and French. He learned to ride,shoot, row, and play polo and lawn tennis.

    Roosevelt went to Groton School, an Episcopal boarding school in Massachusetts. He was heavily influenced by its headmaster,Endicott Peabody, who preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Roosevelt went to Harvard, where he lived in luxurious quarters and was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. He was also president of The Harvard Crimson daily newspaper. While he was at Harvard, his fifth cousin Theodore Roosevelt became president, and Theodore's vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero. In 1902, he met his future wifeEleanor Roosevelt, Theodore's niece, at a White House reception (they had previously met as children, but this was their first serious encounter). Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed.[7] They were both descended from Claes Martensz van Rosenvelt (Roosevelt), who arrived inNew Amsterdam (Manhattan) from the Netherlands in the 1640s. Rosenvelt's (Roosevelt) two grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began the Long Island and Hudson River branches of the Roosevelt family, respectively. Eleanor and Theodore Roosevelt were descended from the Johannes branch, while FDR came from the Jacobus branch.[7]

    Roosevelt entered Columbia Law School in 1905, but dropped out in 1907 because he had passed the New York State Bar exam. In 1908, he took a job with the prestigious Wall Street firm of Carter Ledyard & Milburn, dealing mainly with corporate law. He was first initiated in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was initiated into Freemasonry on October 11, 1911 at Holland Lodge No. 8 in New York City.[8]


    Marriage and family life

    See also: Roosevelt family

    On March 17, 1905, Roosevelt married Eleanor despite the fierce resistance of his mother. Eleanor's uncle, Theodore Roosevelt, stood in at the wedding for Eleanor's deceased father Elliott. The young couple moved into Springwood, his family's estate, where FDR's mother became a frequent house guest, much to Eleanor's chagrin. As for their personal lives, Franklin was a charismatic, handsome, and socially active man. In contrast, Eleanor was shy and disliked social life, and at first stayed at home to raise their children. Although Eleanor disliked sex, and considered it "an ordeal to be endured," [9] they had six children, the first four in rapid succession:

    • Anna Eleanor (1906–1975; age 69)
    • James (1907–1991; age 83)
    • Franklin Delano, Jr. (March 18, 1909–November 7, 1909)
    • Elliott (1910–1990; age 80)
    • a second Franklin Delano, Jr. (1914–1988; age 74)
    • John Aspinwall (1916–1981; age 65).Roosevelt had affairs outside his marriage, including one with Eleanor's social secretary Lucy Mercer which began soon after she was hired in early 1914. In September 1918, Eleanor found letters revealing the affair in Roosevelt's luggage, when he returned fromWorld War I. According to the Roosevelt family, Eleanor offered Franklin a divorce so that he could be with the woman he loved, but Lucy, being Catholic, could not bring herself to marry a divorced man with five children. According to FDR's biographer Jean Edward Smith it is generally accepted that Eleanor indeed offered "to give Franklin his freedom."[10] However, they reconciled after a fashion with the informal mediation of Roosevelt's adviser Louis McHenry Howe, and FDR promised never to see Lucy again. Sara also intervened, and told Franklin that if he divorced his wife, he would bring scandal upon the family, and she "would not give him another dollar."[10] However, Franklin broke his promise. He and Lucy maintained a formal correspondence, and began seeing each other again in 1941—and perhaps earlier.[11][12] Lucy was even given the code name "Mrs. Johnson" by the Secret Service.[13] Indeed, Lucy was with FDR on April 12, 1945—the day he died. Despite this, FDR's affair was not widely known until the 1960s.[14]

      The effect of this affair upon Eleanor Roosevelt is difficult to estimate. "I have the memory of an elephant. I can forgive, but I cannot forget," she wrote a close friend.[15] Though Eleanor never liked sex, after the affair, any remaining intimacy left their relationship. Eleanor soon thereafter established a separate house in Hyde Park at Valkill, and increasingly devoted herself to various social and political causes. For the rest of their lives, the Roosevelts' marriage was more of a political partnership than an intimate relationship.[16] The emotional break in their marriage was so severe, that when FDR asked Eleanor in 1942—in light of his failing health—to come back home and live with him again, she refused.[14]

      Franklin's son Elliott claimed that Franklin had a 20-year affair with his private secretary Marguerite "Missy" LeHand.[17][18]

      In 1919, the Roosevelts lived next door to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, and were present when a Galleanist anarchist was killed in the botched bombing that was an attempt to assassinate Palmer. Also in 1919, Franklin Roosevelt helped Éamon de Valera and his fledgling Irish Republican Army circumvent export laws for shipping arms used against British troops in the Irish War of Independence.

      The five surviving Roosevelt children all led tumultuous lives overshadowed by their famous parents. They had, among them, nineteen marriages, fifteen divorces, and twenty-nine children. All four sons were officers in World War II and were decorated for bravery. Two of them were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives—FDR, Jr. served three terms representing the Upper West Side of Manhattan, and James served six terms representing the 26th district in California—but none were elected to higher office despite several attempts.[19][20][21][22]

      Roosevelt's dog, Fala, also became well-known as a companion of Roosevelt's during his time in the White House, and was called the "most photographed dog in the world."[23]


      Early political career


      State Senator

      In 1910, Roosevelt ran for the New York State Senate from the district around Hyde Park in Dutchess County, which had not elected a Democrat since 1884. He entered the Roosevelt name, with its associated wealth, prestige, and influence in the Hudson Valley, and the Democratic landslide that year carried him to the state capital of Albany, New York. Roosevelt entered the state house, January 1, 1911. He became a leader of a group of reformers who opposed Manhattan's Tammany Hallmachine which dominated the state Democratic Party. Roosevelt soon became a popular figure among New York Democrats. He was reelected for a second term November 5, 1912, and resigned from the New York State Senate on March 17, 1913.[24][25]


      Assistant Secretary of the NavyFranklin D. Roosevelt was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy by Woodrow Wilson in 1913. He served under Secretary of the NavyJosephus Daniels. In 1914, he was defeated in the Democratic primary election for the United States Senate by Tammany Hall-backedJames W. Gerard. As assistant secretary, Roosevelt worked to expand the Navy and founded the United States Navy Reserve. Wilson sent the Navy and Marines to intervene in Central American and Caribbean countries. In a series of speeches in his 1920 campaign for Vice President, Roosevelt claimed that he, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, wrote the constitution which the U.S. imposed on Haiti in 1915.[26]

      Roosevelt developed a life-long affection for the Navy. Roosevelt negotiated with Congressional leaders and other government departments to get budgets approved. He became an enthusiastic advocate of the submarine and of means to combat the German submarine menace to Allied shipping: he proposed building a mine barrier across the North Sea from Norway to Scotland. In 1918, he visited Britain and France to inspect American naval facilities; during this visit he met Winston Churchill for the first time. With the end of World War I in November 1918, he was in charge of demobilization, although he opposed plans to completely dismantle the Navy. In July 1920, overshadowed by the Newport Sex Scandal and its coverage in the Providence Journal and New York Times, Roosevelt resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to run for Vice President.


      Campaign for Vice-President The 1920 Democratic National Convention chose Roosevelt as the candidate for Vice President of the United States on the ticket headed by Governor James M. Cox of Ohio, helping build a national base, but the Cox-Roosevelt ticket was heavily defeated byRepublican Warren G. Harding in the presidential election. Roosevelt then retired to a New York legal practice and joined the newly organized New York Civitan Club,[27] but few doubted that he would soon run for public office again.

      Paralytic illness

      Main article: Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness In August 1921, while the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt contracted an illness believed by his physicians to be polio, which resulted in his total and permanent paralysis from the waist down. For the rest of his life, Roosevelt refused to accept that he was permanently paralyzed. He tried a wide range of therapies, including hydrotherapy, and, in 1926, he purchased a resort at Warm Springs, Georgia, where he founded a hydrotherapy center for the treatment of polio patients which still operates as the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation. After he became President, he helped to found the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as the March of Dimes). His leadership in this organization is one reason he is commemorated on the dime.[28][29]

      At the time, Roosevelt was able to convince many people that he was getting better, which he believed was essential if he was to run for public office again. Fitting his hips and legs with iron braces, he laboriously taught himself to walk a short distance by swiveling his torso while supporting himself with a cane. In private, he used a wheelchair, but he was careful never to be seen in it in public. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons. FDR used a car with specially designed hand controls, which further gave him the illusion of mobility.[30]

      In 2003, a retrospective study proposed that it was more likely that Roosevelt's paralytic illness was Guillain-Barré syndrome, not poliomyelitis.[31] However, since Roosevelt's cerebrospinal fluid was not examined, the cause may never be known for certain.

      Governor of New York, 1929–1932Governor of New York, 1929–1932Main article: Franklin D. Roosevelt's terms as Governor of New York

      Roosevelt maintained contacts and mended fences with the Democratic Party during the 1920s, especially in New York. Although he made his name as an opponent of New York City's Tammany Hall machine, Roosevelt moderated his stance. He helped Alfred E. Smith win the election for governor of New York in 1922. Roosevelt gave nominating speeches for Smith at the 1924 and 1928 Democratic conventions.[32] As the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1928 election, Smith in turn asked Roosevelt to run for governor in the state election. While Smith lost the Presidency in a landslide, and was even defeated in his home state, Roosevelt was narrowly elected governor. As a reform governor, he established a number of new social programs, and he was advised by Frances Perkins and Harry Hopkins. In his 1930 campaign for re-election, Roosevelt needed the good will of the Tammany Hall machine in New York City; however, his Republican opponent, Charles H. Tuttle, was using Tammany Hall's corruption as an election issue. As the election approached, Roosevelt initiated investigations of the sale of judicial offices. He was elected to a second term by a margin of more than 700,000 votes.[33]

      1932 presidential electionMain article: United States presidential election, 1932

      Roosevelt's strong base in the most populous state made him an obvious candidate for the Democratic nomination, which was hotly contested since it seemed that incumbent Herbert Hoover would be vulnerable in the 1932 election. Al Smith was supported by some city bosses, but had lost control of the New York Democratic party to Roosevelt. Roosevelt built his own national coalition with personal allies such as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, Irish leader Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., and California leader William Gibbs McAdoo. When Texas leader John Nance Garner switched to FDR, he was given the presidential nomination.

      In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt declared:

      “ Throughout the nation men and women, forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government, look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth... I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people... This is more than apolitical campaign. It is a call to arms.[34] ”

      The election campaign was conducted under the shadow of the Great Depression in the United States, and the new alliances which it created. Roosevelt and the Democratic Party mobilized the expanded ranks of the poor as well as organized labor, ethnic minorities, urbanites, and Southern whites, crafting the New Deal coalition. During the campaign, Roosevelt said: "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people", coining a slogan that was later adopted for his legislative program as well as his new coalition.[35]

      Economist Marriner Eccles observed that "given later developments, the campaign speeches often read like a giant misprint, in which Roosevelt and Hoover speak each other's lines."[36] Roosevelt denounced Hoover's failures to restore prosperity or even halt the downward slide, and he ridiculed Hoover's huge deficits. Roosevelt campaigned on the Democratic platform advocating "immediate and drastic reductions of all public expenditures," "abolishing useless commissions and offices, consolidating bureaus and eliminating extravagances reductions in bureaucracy," and for a "sound currency to be maintained at all hazards." On September 23, Roosevelt made the gloomy evaluation that, "Our industrial plant is built; the problem just now is whether under existing conditions it is not overbuilt. Our last frontier has long since been reached."[37] Hoover damned that pessimism as a denial of "the promise of American life ... the counsel of despair."[38] The prohibition issue solidified the wet vote for Roosevelt, who noted that repeal would bring in new tax revenues.

      Roosevelt won 57% of the vote and carried all but six states. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932-36 elections a realigning election that created a new majority coalition for the Democrats, thus transforming American politics and starting what is called the "New Deal Party System" or (by political scientists) the Fifth Party System.[39]

      After the election, Roosevelt refused Hoover's requests for a meeting to come up with a joint program to stop the downward spiral and calm investors, claiming it would tie his hands. The economy spiralled downward until the banking system began a complete nationwide shutdown as Hoover's term ended.[40] In February 1933, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara (which killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak sitting next to him).[41] Roosevelt leaned heavily on his "Brain Trust" of academic advisors, especially Raymond Moley when designing his policies; he offered cabinet positions to numerous candidates (sometimes two at a time), but most declined. The cabinet member with the strongest independent base was Cordell Hull at State. William Hartman Woodin at Treasury, was soon replaced by the much more powerful Henry Morgenthau, Jr.[42]

     

    Henry Kissinger with George Bush both members of the Bilderberg Group

    Bill Clinton when he was young received a Rhodes Scholarship and later attended Bilderberg Group meetings, his wife Hilliary Clinton also was seen attending the 2008 Bilderberg meeting held in Ottowa Canada. Later on Bill Clinotn became president of the USA twice, and his wife Hillary Clinton nearky became President of the USA, but ended up in one of th emlst power positions in USA Politics as Secretary of State and some say Hillary Clinton is the main representative of the Bilderberg Group in the USA White House, ans in fact may may more real power in the running of America than the president Barrack Obama.
    The Rothchild Family...who seem to be healivy involved with the Bilderberg Group and its sister organisations the Trilateral Commission and the Council For Foreign Relations


    Newspaper Article_Elite Are Ever Elusive

    Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group
    "There need to be places where these people can think about the main challenges ahead, co-ordinate where policies should be going, and find out where there could be a consensus..."....Professor Kees van der Pijl
    "Business influences society and politics influences society - that's purely common sense..."...Will Hutton, an economic analyst and former newspaper editor who attended a Bilderberg meeting in 1997, says people take part in these networks in order to influence the way the world works, to create what he calls "the international common sense" about policy. 


    Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group - BBC News
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4290944.stm
    Bilderberg's head Viscount Davignon plays down the group's role in setting the international agenda
    Bill Clinton was featured at a Bilderberg meeting while he was governor of Arkansas

    How much influence do private networks of the rich and powerful have on government policies and international relations? One group, the Bilderberg, has often attracted speculation that it forms a shadowy global government. As part of the BBC's Who Runs Your World? series, Bill Hayton tries to find out more. More
    How much influence do private networks of the rich and powerful have on government policies and international relations? One group, the Bilderberg, has often attracted speculation that it forms a shadowy global government. As part of the BBC's Who Runs Your World? series, Bill Hayton tries to find out more

    The chairman of the secretive - he prefers the word private - Bilderberg Group is 73-year-old Viscount Etienne Davignon, corporate director and former European Commissioner.

    In his office, on a private floor above the Brussels office of the Suez conglomerate lined with political cartoons of himself, he told me what he thought of allegations that Bilderberg is a global conspiracy secretly ruling the world.

    "It is unavoidable and it doesn't matter," he says. "There will always be people who believe in conspiracies but things happen in a much more incoherent fashion."

    Lack of publicity

    In an extremely rare interview, he played down the importance of Bilderberg in setting the international agenda. "What can come out of our meetings is that it is wrong not to try to deal with a problem. But a real consensus, an action plan containing points 1, 2 and 3? The answer is no. People are much too sensible to believe they can do that."

    Every year since 1954, a small network of rich and powerful people have held a discussion meeting about the state of the trans-Atlantic alliance and the problems facing Europe and the US.

    Organised by a steering committee of two people from each of about 18 countries, the Bilderberg Group (named after the Dutch hotel in which it held its first meeting) brings together about 120 leading business people and politicians.

    At this year's meeting in Germany, the audience included the heads of the World Bank and European Central Bank, Chairmen or Chief Executives from Nokia, BP, Unilever, DaimlerChrysler and Pepsi - among other multi-national corporations, editors from five major newspapers, members of parliament, ministers, European commissioners, the crown prince of Belgium and the queen of the Netherlands.

    "I don't think (we are) a global ruling class because I don't think a global ruling class exists. I simply think it's people who have influence interested to speak to other people who have influence," Viscount Davignon says.

    "Bilderberg does not try to reach conclusions - it does not try to say 'what we should do'. Everyone goes away with their own feeling and that allows the debate to be completely open, quite frank - and to see what the differences are.

    "Business influences society and politics influences society - that's purely common sense. It's not that business contests the right of democratically-elected leaders to lead".

    For Bilderberg's critics the fact that there is almost no publicity about the annual meetings is proof that they are up to no good. Jim Tucker, editor of a right-wing newspaper, the American Free Press for example, alleges they organise wars and elect and depose political leaders. He describes the group as simply 'evil'. So where does the truth lie?

    Professor Kees van der Pijl of Sussex University in Britain says such private networks of corporate and political leaders play an informal but crucial role in the modern world.

    "There need to be places where these people can think about the main challenges ahead, co-ordinate where policies should be going, and find out where there could be a consensus."

    'Common sense'

    Will Hutton, an economic analyst and former newspaper editor who attended a Bilderberg meeting in 1997, says people take part in these networks in order to influence the way the world works, to create what he calls "the international common sense" about policy.

    "On every issue that might influence your business you will hear at first-hand the people who are actually making those decisions and you will play a part in helping them to make those decisions and formulating the common sense," he says.

    And that "common sense" is one which supports the interests of Bilderberg's main participants - in particular free trade. Viscount Davignon says that at the annual meetings, "automatically around the table you have internationalists" - people who support the work of the World Trade Organisation, trans-Atlantic co-operation and European integration.

    Bilderberg meetings often feature future political leaders shortly before they become household names. Bill Clinton went in 1991 while still governor of Arkansas, Tony Blair was there two years later while still an opposition MP. All the recent presidents of the European Commission attended Bilderberg meetings before they were appointed.

    'Secret Government'

    This has led to accusations that the group pushes its favoured politicians into high office. But Viscount Davignon says his steering committee are simply excellent talent spotters. The steering committee "does its best assessment of who are the bright new boys or girls in the beginning phase of their career who would like to get known."

    "It's not a total accident, but it's not a forecast and if they go places it's not because of Bilderberg, it's because of themselves," Viscount Davignon says.

    But its critics say Bilderberg's selection process gives an extra boost to aspiring politicians whose views are friendly to big business. None of this, however, is easy to prove - or disprove.

    Observers like Will Hutton argue that such private networks have both good and bad sides. They are unaccountable to voters but, at the same time, they do keep the international system functioning. And there are limits to their power - a point which Bilderberg chairman was keen to stress, "When people say this is a secret government of the world I say that if we were a secret government of the world we should be bloody ashamed of ourselves."

    Informal and private networks like Bilderberg have helped to oil the wheels of global politics and globalisation for the past half a century. In the eyes of critics they have undermined democracy, but their supporters believe they are crucial to modern democracy's success. And so long as business and politics remain mutually dependent, they will continue to thrive. 










    noliesradio.org/images/bilderbergBOOK.jpg

    The Bilderberg Group: Rulers of the World _ on Guns & Butter

    By noliesradio
    This show was broadcast August 17, 2009.
     noliesradio.org/archives/4417

    Bilderberg Group
    GUNS AND BUTTER with Bonnie Faulkner
    The Bilderberg Group: Rulers of the World — Daniel Estulin 
    Interview with investigator and author, Daniel Estulin, on his book, “The True Story of the Bilderberg Group“, which describes an annual gathering where the European and American political elite, and the wealthiest CEOs of the world, all come together to discuss the economic and political future of humanity. Highly secretive, the press has never been allowed to attend, nor have statements ever been released on the group’s conclusions or discussions, which have great ramifications for all the citizens of the world. The book also includes sections on the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission.


    Loose Change 9/11: An American Coup. 
    Directed by Dylan Avery and dramatically narrated by Daniel Sunjata of FX's Rescue Me, this is the latest and most comprehensive version of Loose Change. It covers in depth why the Official 911 story does not hold water. Loaded with powerful, new footage and in-depth interviews with the likes of Steven Earl Jones, an American physicist who has discovered undetonated explosive material in multiple samples of dust from the World Trade Center collapses, this documentary presents a wide array of evidence both known and unknown...until now. On Google alone, the preceding versions ofLoose Change have been viewed nearly 125 million times. On YouTube the film has a combined viewership of over 30 million worldwide. More than two million copies of the DVD have been sold, and thousands more have been given away. The original Loose Change film has been translated into twenty-six languages and has spawned a truth movement around the world. The initial film had a budget of $2,000. This latest version, Loose Change 9/11: An American Coup, has an estimated budget of $1,000,000.
    This is a newly released DVD.
    $14.95

     
    http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/7932/bilderberg0mn.jpg&imgrefurl=http://no-for-nwo.blogspot.com/2008/06/bilderberg-group.html&usg=__iC0U0wBF1GOLFZfGAhCH_vDG2cg=&h=379

    no-for-nwo.blogspot.com/2008/06/bilderberg-gr...

    img75.imageshack.us/img75/7932/bilderberg0mn.jpg

    WEBSITES


    XXU2XX

    WUTS UP KATIE HERE ;) IF U DISAGREE, DO UR RESEARCH, COME UP WITH THE EVIDENCE TO DISPROVE ME, I BET U WONT BE ABLE TO ;) ANY QUESTIONS, HELP? FEEL FREE TO WRITE, I WILL GET BACK TO YOU..PEACE OUT ;)

    THURSDAY, JUNE 5, 2008 The Bilderberg group




    WHO:The bilderberg group. A couple of hundred of worlds elite, who control the worlds banking system, who control when wars happen, who control the food and the oil prices, they control puppets like Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John McCain and yes they did already choose , who the next president will be.
    Last years Bilderberg meet which, happened in Istambul, Turkey from May 31 to June 3 the attendees included:
    George Alogoskoufis, Minister of Economy and Finance (Greece); Ali Babacan, Minister of Economic Affairs (Turkey); Edward Balls, Economic Secretary to the Treasury (UK); Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Chairman and CEO, IMPRESA, S.G.P.S.; Former Prime Minister (Portugal); José M. Durão Barroso, President, European Commission (Portugal/International); Franco Bernabé, Vice Chariman, Rothschild Europe (Italy); Nicolas Beytout, Editor-in-Chief, Le Figaro (France); Carl Bildt, Former Prime Minister (Sweden); Hubert Burda, Publisher and CEO, Hubert Burda Media Holding (Belgium); Philippe Camus, CEO, EADS (France); Henri de Castries, Chairman of the Management Board and CEO, AXA (France); Juan Luis Cebrian, Grupo PRISA media group (Spain): more info on and more attendees:http://www.jonesreport.com/articles/210507_estulin_bilderberg.html


    WHY: World domination they wanna enslave us, they wanna reduce the earth's population, increase the price of gas, and food....http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=endgame+&hl=eN&sitesearch=#
    Even a Portuguese Newspaper admitted Bilderberg Kingmaker power:

    Updates:From Alex Jones and Jim Tucker who are actually covering, the meeting, which the mainstream media is not doing why? Why would they meet in secret if they are the good guys?The Bilderbergs are evil and they are here to destroy us.......will u let them?

    http://www.infowars.com/?p=2545_ Jim tucker onthe scene of Bilderberg

    http://www.infowars.com/?p=2544 Spooks infest Mariot Hotel as bilderberg begins

    http://www.infowars.com/?p=2548 Alex Jones and Jim Ticker report on the meet.

    BILDERBERG: THE SYSTEMIC CONSPIRACY - Daniel Estulin

    //www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-15EjHCzds


    More? Dutch Embassy changes bilderberg 2008 press release.//www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-61ilgFH6U





     
    Bilderberg Group Video 1

    Bilderberg Video Two

    Bilderberg Club 
    undefined

    Hotel de Bilderberg, Oosterbeek, the Netherlands - scene of the first Bilderberg Conference in 1954
    undefined
    Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke leaving the 2008 Bilderberg Conference
    .

    The Bilderberg Group, Bilderberg conference, or Bilderberg Club is an unofficial, annual, invitation-only conference of around 130 guests, most of whom are persons of great influence in the fields of politics, business, banking, and media. Each conference is under intense secrecy and security, with the last meeting guarded by police, security services, military helicopters and even fighter jets.[1][2]

    The group meets annually at hotels or resorts throughout the world—for two consecutive years in Europe followed by a year in theUnited States or Canada. This tradition appeared to be broken in 2008 when the meeting was held in Chantilly, Virginia, so as to give easier access to those associated with the US elections. The 2009 Bilderberg meeting took place from 14-16 May in Athens, Greece.[3]

     

     

     

     

     Participants

    The steering committee does not publish a list of attendees, though some participants have publicly discussed their attendance. Historically, attendee lists have been weighted towards politicians, bankers, and directors of large businesses.[16]

    Heads of state, including Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, have attended meetings.[8][17] Prominent politicians from North America and Europe are past attendees. In past years, board members from many large publicly-traded corporations have attended, including IBM, Xerox, Royal Dutch Shell, Nokia and Daimler.[8]

    The 2009 meeting participants in Greece included: Greek prime minister, Kostas Karamanlis; Finnish prime minister, Matti Vanhanen[18]; Sweden foreign minister, Carl Bildt; U.S. State Department number two, James Steinberg; U.S. Treasury Secretary,Timothy Geithner; World Bank president, Robert Zoellick; European Commission head, José Manuel Barroso; Queen Sofia of Spain; and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.[19]

    European Union

    In a European Parliament session in Brussels, Mario Borghezio, an Italian member of European Parliament, questioned the nominations of Bilderberg and Trilateralattendees for the posts of EU President and EU foreign minister.[20][21]

    In 2009 the group had a dinner meeting at Castle of the Valley of the Duchess in Brussels, in the 12th of November, with the participation of Herman Van Rompuy, who later became the President of the European Council. The newspaper De Tijd (and several others afterwards) reported that, at this meeting, Van Rompuy showed support for a European green tax: "Van Rompuy told the elite club that the European government leaders are increasingly becoming proponents of Europe tapping off green income, so that the contributions of member states to the EU can be decreased." [22] [23] [24]

    Conspiracy theories

    Because of its secrecy and refusal to issue news releases, the group is frequently accused of secretive and nefarious world plots.[25] Critics include the John Birch Society,[26] the Canadian writer Daniel Estulin, British writer David Icke, American writer Jim Tucker and radio host Alex Jones.

    Bilderberg founding member and, for 30 years, a steering committee member, Denis Healey has said:[27]

    “ To say we were striving for a one-world government is exaggerated, but not wholly unfair. Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldn't go on forever fighting one another for nothing and killing people and rendering millions homeless. So we felt that a single community throughout the world would be a good thing. ”

    According to the American Friends of Bilderberg, the 2008 agenda dealt "mainly with a nuclear free world, cyber terrorism, Africa, Russia, finance, protectionism, US-EU relations, Afghanistan and Pakistan, Islam and Iran".[12]

    Origins of conspiracy theories

    Jonathan Duffy, writing in BBC News Online Magazine states:

    “ No reporters are invited in and while confidential minutes of meetings are taken, names are not noted... In the void created by such aloofness, an extraordinary conspiracy theory has grown up around the group that alleges the fate of the world is largely decided by Bilderberg.[28] ”

    According to the investigative journalist Chip Berlet, the origins of Bilderberger conspiracy theories can be traced to activist Phyllis Schlafly. In Berlet's 1994 reportRight Woos Left, published by Political Research Associates, he writes:

    “ The views on intractable godless communism expressed by Schwarz were central themes in three other bestselling books which were used to mobilize support for the 1964 Barry Goldwater campaign. The best known was Phyllis Schlafly's A Choice, Not an Echo, which suggested a conspiracy theory in which the Republican Party was secretly controlled by elitist intellectuals dominated by members of the Bilderberger group, whose policies would pave the way for global communist conquest.[29] ”

    Before the 2001 meeting, a report in the Guardian stated:

    “ ...the press have never been allowed access and all discussions are under Chatham House rules (no quoting). Not surprisingly, such ground rules, while attracting publicity-shy financiers, have also fuelled the fantasies of conspiracy theorists. The truth is probably more mundane: powerful people like meeting each other, but they argue that they need privacy if there is to be serious, honest discussions: the G8 summits are a graphic example of how all the meaningful exchanges are kept well away from the pre-prepared final communiques drawn up by civil servants.[30]
                

    Recent meetings

      

     

     

     

     

     

    Recent meetings:

    Further reading

    See also

    Trilateral Commission, established by David Rockefeller in 1972 after the Bilderberg Group refused to incorporate Japan.[35]

    References

    1. ^ a b "Guardian.co.uk Charlie Skelton's Bilderberg files". Retrieved 15 May 2009.
    2. ^ "Guardian.co.uk Charlie Skelton's Bilderberg files". Retrieved 17 December 2009.
    3. ^ a b "The most powerful elite will meet in Athens". GRReporter. 23 March 2009. "the club will organize its meeting in Athens between 14 and 16 May"
    4. ^ a b Hatch, Alden (1962). "The Hôtel de Bilderberg". H.R.H.Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An authorized biography. London: Harrap. ISBN B0000CLLN4. "The idea was to get two people from each country who would give the conservative and liberal slant"
    5. ^ a b Valerie Aubourg (June 2003). Organizing Atlanticism: the Bilderberg Group and the Atlantic Institute 1952-63.
    6. ^ a b c Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. Random House. pp. 412. ISBN 0-679-40588-7.
    7. ^ a b "Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group". BBC News. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
    8. ^ a b c "Bilderberg Meeting of 1997 Assembles". PR Newswire. 13 June 1997.
    9. ^ "Parliamentary questions: Answer given by Mr Prodi on behalf of the Commission". European Parliament. 15 May 2003.
    10. ^ Entry for Conrad Black, The International Who's Who. Europa Publications. 2000.
    11. ^ "Bilderberg: List of Invitees". United States Department of Defense. 31 January 1996. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
    12. ^ a b c "Bilderberg Announces 2008 Conference". BusinessWire. 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
    13. ^ Marcus Klöckner (17 May 2009). "Bilderberg meetings remain a mystery". Stars and Stripes.
    14. ^ a b "Twenty-fifth Bilderberg meeting held". Facts on File World News Digest. May 14, 1977. "Alec Douglas-Home, the former prime minister of Great Britain, chaired the conference, replacing Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, who had previously headed the Bilderberg invitation committee. (Prince Bernhard had resigned all public positions after the 1976 Lockheed scandal.)"
    15. ^ Who's Who. 1999.
    16. ^ Caroline Moorehead (18 April 1977). "An exclusive club, perhaps without power, but certainly with influence: The Bilderberg group". The Times.
    17. ^ Mark Oliver (4 June 2004). "The Bilderberg group". The Guardian.
    18. ^ "Prime Minister Vanhanen and Minister of Finance Katainen to attend Bilderberg Conference". Finnish Government. 13 May 2009.
    19. ^ "Bilderberg Group Meets In Athens Amid Tight Security". NASDAQ.
    20. ^ http://www.ilvelino.it/articolo.php?Id=997488
    21. ^ "Premier steekt nek uit op Bilderberg-diner". HP/De Tijd. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
    22. ^ "Premier steekt nek uit op Bilderberg-diner". DE TIJD. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
    23. ^ "Herman Van Rompuy, front-runner for presidency, wants EU-wide tax". TIMES ONLINE. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
    24. ^ "Van Rompuy shows his hand at Bilderberg Group dinner". Flanders Today. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
    25. ^ "Right Woos Left"
    26. ^ Chip Berlet (1994). "Right Woos Left: John Birch Society". PublicEye.org.
    27. ^ Ronson, Jon (10 March 2001). "Who pulls the strings? (part 3)". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
    28. ^ Jonathan Duffy (3 June 2004). "Bilderberg: The ultimate conspiracy theory". BBC News.
    29. ^ Chip Berlet (1994). "The New Right & The Secular Humanism Conspiracy Theory".
    30. ^ Bunting, Madeleine Weekend break for the global elite guardian.co.uk Friday 25 May 2001 [1]
    31. ^ "Asia Times Online :: Asian News, Business and Economy.". Retrieved 22 August 2007.
    32. ^ Panetta, Alexander (2006). "Secretive Bilderbergers meet". www.thestar.com. Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 12 June 2006.
    33. ^ What was discussed at Bilderberg?, Turkish Daily News, 5 June 2007, accessed on 18 August 2007
    34. ^ "Balkenende to Meet Bush in Washington". NIS News Bulletin. 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
    35. ^ "Japan–U.S. Relations—Past, Present and Future". The Daily Yomiuri. December 8, 1991. "Rockefeller: The idea (of creating the Trilateral Commission) was incorporated in a speech that I made in the spring of 1972 for the benefit of some industrial forums that the Chase held in different cities around Europe,... Then Zbig (Zbig Brzezinski) and I both attended a meeting of the Bilderberg Group ... and was shot down in flames. There was very little enthusiasm for the idea. I think they felt that they had a very congenial group, and they didn't want to have it interfered with by another element that would--I don't know what they thought, but in any case, they were not in favor."

    External links

    Categories: Bilderberg Group | Bilderberg Meetings | Globalization | International business | International nongovernmental organizations | Secret societies

    Bilderberg Group The group meets annually at hotels or resorts throughout the world—for two consecutive years in Europe followed by a year in the United States or Canada. This tradition appeared to be broken in 2008 when the meeting was held in Chantilly, Virginia, so as to give easier access to those associated with the US elections. The 2009 Bilderberg meeting took place from 14-16 May in Athens, Greece. Origin: The original Bilderberg conference was held at the Hotel de Bilderberg, nearArnhem in The Netherlands, from 29 May to 31 May 1954. It was initiated by several people, including Denis Healey and Józef Retinger, concerned about the growth of anti-Americanism in Western Europe, who proposed an international conference at which leaders from European countries and the United States would be brought together with the aim of promoting understanding between the cultures of the United States and Western Europe. Retinger approached Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, who agreed to promote the idea, together withBelgian Prime Minister Paul Van Zeeland, and the head of Unilever at that time, the Dutchman Paul Rijkens. Bernhard in turn contacted Walter Bedell Smith, then head of the CIA, who asked Eisenhower adviser Charles Douglas Jackson to deal with the suggestion. The guest list was to be drawn up by inviting two attendees from each nation, one of each to represent conservative and liberal points of view. Fifty delegates from 11 countries in Western Europe attended the first conference along with 11 Americans.
    The success of the meeting led the organizers to arrange an annual conference. A permanent Steering Committee was established, with Retinger appointed as permanent secretary. As well as organizing the conference, the steering committee also maintained a register of attendee names and contact details, with the aim of creating an informal network of individuals who could call upon one another in a private capacity. Conferences were held in     France, Germany, and Denmark over the following three years. In 1957, the first US conference was held in St. Simons, Georgia, with $30,000 from the Ford Foundation. The foundation supplied further funding for the 1959 and 1963 conferences. 
    ORGANIZATIONAL STUCTURE:
    Meetings are organized by a steering committee with two members from each of around eighteen nations. Official posts, in addition to a chairman, include an Honorary Secretary General. There is no such category in the group's rules as a "member of the group". The only category that exists is "member of the Steering Committee". In addition to the committee, there also exists a separate advisory group, though membership overlaps.Entry forConrad Black,  Dutch economist Ernst van der Beugel took over as permanent secretary in 1960, upon Retinger's death. Prince Bernhard continued to serve as the meeting's chairman until 1976, the year of his involvement in the Lockheed affair. The position of Honorary American Secretary General has been held successively by Joseph E. Johnson of the Carnegie Endowment, William Bundy of Princeton, Theodore L. Eliot, Jr., former U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan, and Casimir A. Yost of Georgetown's Institute for the Study of Diplomacy. A 2008 press release from the American Friends of Bilderberg stated that "Bilderberg's only activity is its annual Conference. At the meetings, no resolutions are proposed, no votes taken, and no policy statements issued" and noted that the names of attendees were available to the press. The Bilderberg group unofficial headquarters is the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.

    Chairmen: Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (1954–1975); Alec Douglas-Home (1977–1980), Walter Scheel, Eric Roll (1986–1989), Lord Carrington (1990–1998), Étienne Davignon

    Participants:The steering committee doesn't publish a list of attendees, though some participants have publicly discussed their attendance. Historically, attendee lists have been weighted towards politicians, bankers, and directors of large businesses.
    Heads of state, including Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, have attended meetings. Prominent politicians from North America and Europe are past attendees. In past years, board members from many large publicly-traded corporations have attended, including IBM, Xerox, Royal Dutch Shell, Nokia and Daimler.
    The 2009 meeting participants in Greece included: Greek prime minister, Kostas Karamanlis; Finnish prime minister, Matti Vanhanen; Sweden foreign minister, Carl Bildt; U.S. State Department number two, James Steinberg; U.S. Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner; World Bank president, Robert Zoellick; European Commission head, José Manuel Barroso; Queen Sofia of Spain; and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.
    European Union: In a European Parliament session in Brussels, Mario Borghezio, an Italian member of European Parliament, questioned the nominations of Bilderberg and Trilateral attendees for the posts of EU President and EU foreign minister.
    In 2009 the group had a dinner meeting at     Castle of the Valley of the Duchess in Brussels, in the 12th of November, with the participation of Herman Van Rompuy, who later became the President of the European Council. The newspaper De Tijd (and several others afterwards) reported that, at this meeting, Van Rompuy showed support for a European green tax: "Van Rompuy told the elite club that the European government leaders are increasingly becoming proponents of Europe tapping off green income, so that the contributions of member states to the EU can be decreased."
    Because of its secrecy and refusal to issue news releases, the group is frequently accused of secretive and nefarious world plots. Critics include the John Birch Society, the Canadian writer Daniel Estulin, British writer David Icke, American writer Jim Tucker and radio host Alex Jones.
    Bilderberg founding member and, for 30 years, a steering committee member, Denis Healey has said:
    According to the American Friends of Bilderberg, the 2008 agenda dealt "mainly with a nuclear free world, cyber terrorism, Africa, Russia, finance, protectionism, US-EU relations, Afghanistan and Pakistan, Islam and Iran".
    Origins of conspiracy theories: Jonathan Duffy, writing in BBC News Online Magazine states: This secrecy, and lack of reporters in attendance was also noted by Guardian writer Charlie Skelton in his reports on the 2009 conference held in Athens, Greece. Skelton himself was detained by police on three occasions for taking photographs in the vicinity of the conference resort.
    According to the investigative journalist     Chip Berlet, the origins of Bilderberger conspiracy theories can be traced to activist Phyllis Schlafly. In Berlet's 1994 report Right Woos Left, published by Political Research Associates, he writes
    Recent meetings: 2005 (5–8 May) at the Dorint Sofitel Seehotel Überfahrt in Rottach-Egern, Germany

    Ford Foundation

    The Ford Foundation is a private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by Edsel Ford and Henry Ford.
    The foundation makes grants through its New York headquarters and through twelve international field offices. In fiscal year 2007, it reported assets of $13.7 billion and approved $530 million in grants for projects that focused on strengthening democratic values, community and economic development, education, media, arts and culture, and human rights.

    History The Ford Foundation was chartered on January 15, 1936 in Michigan byEdsel Ford and two Ford Motor Company executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare". During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates, and supported such organizations as the Henry Ford Hospital, Greenfield Village and Henry Ford Museum, among others.

       After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the Ford Foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, Henry Ford II. Under Henry Ford II's leadership, the Ford Foundation board of trustees commissioned a report to determine how the foundation should continue. The committee, headed by California attorney H. Rowan Gaither, recommended that the foundation should commit to promoting peace, freedom, and education throughout the world. It provided funding for various projects, including the pre-existing network,National Educational Television, which went on the air in 1952. However, the Ford Foundation, with the help of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting shut it down and replaced it with the Public Broadcasting Service in October 1970. The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1956 and 1974. Through this divestiture, the Ford Motor Company became a public company in 1956.




     
    History of the Bilderberg Group

    History of the Bilderberg Group

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    History of the Bilderberg Group

    History of the Bilderberg Group

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    undefined
    Map of countries by the number of politicians, which have attended one or more conferences organized by the Bilderberg Group


    List of Bilderberg participants

    The following is a list of prominent persons who have attended one or more conferences organized by the Bilderberg Group. The list is currently organized by category. It is not a complete list and it includes both living and deceased people. Where known, the year(s) they attended are denoted in brackets.

    Royalty

    Politics

    United States

    Presidents

    Senators

    Governors

    United Kingdom

    Prime Ministers

    Belgium

    Netherlands

    France

    Portugal

    Finland

    Iceland

    Germany

    Poland

    Canada

    Sweden

    Norway

    • Siv Jensen (2009) - Seen in Alex Jones' Blueprint movie.

    EU Commissioners

    European Union Commissioners who have attended include:

    UN, WTO, NATO and other International Organizations

    Military

    Financial institutions

    Major corporations

    University, institute and other academic

    Media

    References

    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Bilderberg Meeting of 1997 Assembles". PR Newswire. 13 June 1997.
    2. ^ Video showing DSK, Queen Beatrix and James Wolfensohn among others at Bilderberg 2000
    3. ^ a b c d Welcome to ActivePaper
    4. ^ a b "Obituary - Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands". The Times. December 3, 2004. "Bernhard’s visits abroad provided the background for an enterprise which interested him greatly, the Bilderberg conferences at which, from 1954 onwards, statesmen, businessmen and intellectuals from Europe and America had private discussions once or twice a year. The idea of the conferences originated with Dr Joseph H. Retinger as a counter to the anti-Americanism in Western Europe."
    5. ^ Jon Ronson (March 28, 2001). "Exposed: The Secret Club Of Powermongers Who Really Rule The World". The Mirror. "Prince Charles and Bill Clinton have been to sessions."
    6. ^ Jean Stead (April 28, 1986). "Prince Charles attends meeting on South Africa". The Guardian (London). "The 34th Bilderberg conference ended at Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, yesterday after a debate on the South African crisis attended by Prince Charles. He arrived for the economic debate on Saturday and stayed overnight at the hotel."
    7. ^ Mark Oliver (June 4, 2004). "The Bilderberg group". The Guardian.
    8. ^ a b "'High Priests Of Globalization' In Istanbul". Turkish Daily News. May 31, 2007. "The Turkish state minister and chief negotiator, Ali Babacan, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator Kemal Dervis, the Association of Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen (Tusiad) Chairwoman Arzuhan Dogan Yalcindag, Koc Holding Executive Board President Mustafa Koc and the Bogazici University rector, Prof Dr Ayse Soysal, will attend the meeting on behalf of Turkey. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Queen Sofia of Spain, Crown Prince Philippe of Belgium, Greek National Economy and Finance Minister Yeoryios Alogoskoufis, former Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemao of Portugal, former Foreign Minister Michel Barnier of France, Foreign Minister Carl Bildt of Sweden, Finance Minister Anders Borg of Sweden, Foreign Trade Minister Frank Heemskerk of the Netherlands, Finance Minister Jyrki Katainen of Finland, former US secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, Agriculture Minister Christine Lagarde of France, Justice Minister Michael McDowell of Ireland, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato, the EU commissioner for enlargement, Olli Rehn, and the US ambassador to Turkey, Ross Wilson, are among foreign guests of the meeting. Meanwhile, tight security measures were taken in and around the Ritz Carlton Hotel, the venue of the meeting."
    9. ^ "Duke Of Edinburgh In Como Talks". The Times. April 03, 1965. p. 7. "The Duke of Edinburgh took part today in the opening session of the Bilderberg meeting at the Villa d'Este on Lake Como."
    10. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. April 03, 1967. p. 12.
    11. ^ Official List of Participants for the 2009 Bilderberg Meeting
    12. ^ a b c "World Leaders Attended Secret Bilderberg Meeting, The Spotlight Reports". PR Newswire. July 16, 1991. "Michael Boskin, chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisors, is listed as sharing one session with Karl Otto Pohl, president of the Deutsche Bundesbank. (Boskin refused to answer The Spotlight's inquiries about what he said). Jack F. Matlock, U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, was also listed on a panel exploring developments in the USSR. Robert B. Zoellick, under-secretary of state designate for economic affairs was listed on still another panel, as was Thomas W. Simons, U.S. ambassador to Poland. David Rockefeller, former chairman of the Chase-Manhattan Bank and a leading Bilderberger, was reported as pushing for expanded free trade through both the Mexico and GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) negotiations now under way. John S. Reed, chairman of Citibank's parent corporation, was also on the list. Two U.S. governors, Douglas Wilder of Virginia and Bill Clinton of Arkansas are on the list with Diane Feinstein, the ex-mayor of San Francisco who lost a 1990 bid for governor of California. Sens. John Chafee (R-R.I.) and Bennett Johnston (D-La.) are on the list of the American delegation, by far the largest at Baden-Baden. Top industrialists, lawyers, and diplomats dominate the list. The only U.S. labor leader was Lynn Williams, president of the United Steelworkers of America. Arthur Dunkel, director general of GATT, which is currently shaping a completely free trade world in Geneva, and Etienne Davignon, former vice chairman of the European Community, were listed. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and Queen Sophia of Spainwere also on the list with the prime ministers of Belgium, Luxemburg and Netherlands and the federal chancellor of Austria. The press lords listed included Conrad Black, the Canadian publisher who recently purchased London's Daily Telegraph and the Jerusalem Post. George Ball, former undersecretary of state, was said to cause an "uproar" when he warned that a Mideast peace conference, if held, would "explode" in the present volatile political climate in that region. Harlan Cleveland, another former high State Department official, was reported to have privately urged the overthrow of the Persian Gulf monarchies as the first step toward a Mideast peace."
    13. ^ "George W. Ball Papers, 1880s-1994" (PDF). Princeton University Library. Archived from the original on 2007-06-24.
    14. ^ "Text Of Remarks By National Security Advisor Samuel R. Berger To The Bilderberg Steering Committee; "Strengthening The Bipartisan Center: An Internationalist Agenda For America"". Federal News Service. November 4, 1999.
    15. ^ a b c Are the people who 'really run the world' meeting this weekend?
    16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bilderbergers celebrate half a century of intrigue, secrecy. 20. The New American. June 28, 2004. ISSN 08856540. "Attendees from the U.S. this year reportedly included: Senators Jon Corzine (D-N.J.) and John Edwards (D-N.C.); Melinda Gates, wife of Microsoft founder Bill Gates; Donald Graham, chairman and CEO of the Washington Post Company; Richard N. Haass, president of the Council on Foreign Relations; Timothy Geithner, president of the Federal ReserveBank of New York; Douglas Feith, U.S. Undersecretary of Defense; Walter Isaacson, president and CEO of the Aspen Institute; Jessica T. Mathews, president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Indra K. Nooyi, president and CEO of Pepsico; Peter Weinberg, CEO of Goldman Sachs International; and James Wolfensohn, president of the World Bank.".
    17. ^ a b c Bilderberger Conspiracy
    18. ^ a b Kenneth Maxwell (2004). "The Case of the Missing Letter in Foreign Affairs:: Kissinger, Pinochet and Operation Condor". David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.
    19. ^ "Herter, Christian Archibald, 1895-1966. Papers: Guide.". Houghton Library, Harvard.
    20. ^ Aubourg, Valerie (2003). "Organizing Atlanticism: the Bilderberg group and the Atlantic institute, 1952- 1963". Intelligence and National Security 18:2: 92–105.
    21. ^ a b Hatch, Alden (1962). H.R.H.Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An authorized biography. London: Harrap. ISBN B0000CLLN4.
    22. ^ a b c "Western Issues Aired". The Washington Post. April 24, 1978. "The three-day 26th Bilderberg Meeting concluded at a secluded cluster of shingled buildings in what was once a farmer's field. Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter's national security adviser, Swedish Prime Minister Thorbjorrn Falldin, former secretary of state Henry Kissinger and NATO Commander Alexander M. Haig Jr. were among 104 North American and European leaders at the conference."
    23. ^ "The Real Aims of the Bilderberg Club". BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. April 6, 1982.
    24. ^ Jasper, William F. (July 12, 2004). Rogues' gallery of EU founders: the emerging European superstate, now moving forward under the EU, is the result of a deliberate scheme put into motion many years ago by powerful planners and plotters. 20. The New American. p. 15. ISSN 08856540. "Attendees at the founding Bilderberg meeting (1954), for example, included: David Rockefeller, global banker and later chairman of the CFR; Dean Rusk, president of the Rockefeller Foundation and later U.S. Secretary of State; Joseph E. Johnson, president of the Carnegie Endowment; C.D. Jackson, head of Time, Inc.; Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, former head of the OSS, precursor to the CIA; and Lord Dennis Healey, Labor Party leftist and later British Chancellor of the Exchequer.".
    25. ^ a b c Bill Hayton (29 September 2005). "Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group". BBC.
    26. ^ a b "Clinton; Tony and Gordon just have to work this out; The former president, who is expected to play a starring role at the Labour conference, talks to Toby Harnden about the party; its future and its leadership contest". The Spectator. September 16, 2006. p. 14. "In fact, Clinton, then governor of Arkansas and considered a rank outsider for the 1992 presidential race, first met Brown in June 1991 at the Bilderberg conference in the Black Forest resort of Baden-Baden. By all accounts, the two clicked."
    27. ^ Mark Rich (2008). Hidden Evil. ISBN 9781435750104.
    28. ^ U.S. Sen. John Edwards at Bilderberg. (06-JUN-04) UPI NewsTrack
    29. ^ The Nation: Conspiracy Theorists Unite; A Secret Conference Thought to Rule the World
    30. ^ Jackie Kucinich (May 12, 2005). "World leaders attend meeting that they won't talk about". The Hill. p. 4. "Several members of Congress have been said to be on the guest list in the past, including Sens. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-Texas), Chris Dodd (D-Conn.), Jon Corzine (D-N.J.), Chuck Hagel (R-Neb.) and Evan Bayh (D-Ind.). Sen. John Edwards (D-N.C) took a break from the campaign trail to attend the meeting last year. Hagel's office confirmed that he had attended the conference in 1999 and 2000."
    31. ^ Christy Hoppe (Thursday, May 31, 2007), Perry off to secret forum in Turkey, The Dallas Morning News, retrieved 2009-07-21
    32. ^ a b "Why is our governor visiting this group". The Augusta Chronicle. June 19, 2008. p. 8. "Some of the names on the list are intriguing. Some of the well-known names include:Ben Bernanke - chairman, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System; Condoleezza Rice - U.S. secretary of state; James A. Johnson - tasked with choosing U.S. Sen. Barack Obama's running mate; Paul Wolfowitz - with the Institute for Public Policy Research. The one name that stands out in my opinion this year is South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford."
    33. ^ Ian Aitken (May 26, 1989). The Guardian (London). "Mr Paddy Ashdown is not yet wholly at ease with the trappings of office, even if the office in question is only that of leader of the Social and Liberal Democrats. Attending the Bilderberg Conference of European political leaders in Spain last week, he was deeply impressed by the splendour of the official cars and the intensity of the security precautions laid on for his arrival. Reaching the conference headquarters at last, he sank into a chair and said to his neighbour: 'Hello, I'm Paddy Ashdown.' The neighbour smiled diffidently, put out his hand, and said: 'Hello, I'm the King of Spain.'"
    34. ^ Telegraph.co.uk Taxpayers foot bill for Ed Balls 'junket'. Daily Telegraph
    35. ^ a b c "Who pulls the strings?". The Guardian. 10 March 2001.
    36. ^ a b "Memorandum submitted by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards - Complaint against Mr Kenneth Clarke". United Kingdom Parliament. 11 July 1997. "Mr Clarke subsequently explained that he and Mr Blair considered that they were attending the conference as representatives of the Government and the Opposition respectively, and stated that 'I was quite confident that I was at the time meeting the rules applying to Ministers, and it did not occur to me that the new rules concerning registration could apply to this visit'."
    37. ^ House of Commons - Register of Members' Interests, Commons Publications, 2 December 1998, retrieved 2009-07-21
    38. ^ "Register of Members' Interests". 9 June 1999. "3-6 June 1999, to Portugal, to attend Bilderberg meetings. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers."
    39. ^ "Register of Members' Interests". 21 May 2003. "15-18 May 2003, to Versailles, France, to attend a Bilderberg Conference. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers."
    40. ^ "Register of Members' Interests". 8 June 2004. "3-6 June 2004, to Stresa, Italy, to attend Bilderberg Conference. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers.",
    41. ^ House of Commons - Register of Members' Interests
    42. ^ Kenneth Clarke MP, Rushcliffe (TheyWorkForYou.com)
    43. ^ "Register of Members' Interests - Kenneth Clarke". United Kingdom Parliament. 16 June 2008.
    44. ^ "Kenneth Clarke:Full register of members' interests". The Guardian. "5-8 June 2008, to Chantilly, Virginia, USA, to attend Bilderberg Conference. Hotel accommodation paid for by the conference sponsors. (I paid my travel costs.) (Registered 12 June 2008)"
    45. ^ "'Atlantic world' theme for Bilderberg conference". The Times. April 19, 1974. p. 6.
    46. ^ a b [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmregmem/memi19.htm British House of Commons - Register of Journalists' Interests
    47. ^ a b c "Our man at Bilderberg". The Guardian. 19 May 2009. "Mandelson's office has confirmed his attendance at this year's meeting: "Yes, Lord Mandelson attended Bilberberg. He found it a valuable conference.""
    48. ^ a b c d e f g h John Deverell (May 31, 1996). "Vast array of international VIPs talk things over at secretive Bilderberg '96 in King City". The Toronto Star. "Lord Carrington, Conference chairman; former NATO secretary-general; Francisco Pinto Balsemao, Former prime minister of Portugal; Queen Beatrix, Netherlands; Lloyd Bentsen, Former treasury secretary, U.S.; Carl Bildt, The High Representative Sweden; Conrad Black, Chairman, Hollinger, Canada; Frits Bolkestein, Liberal party leader, Netherlands; Jean Chretien, Prime minister of Canada; Etienne Davignon, Executive chairman, Societe Generale de Belgique, Belgium; Stanley Fischer, International Monetary Fund; Charles Freeman, Former assistant secretary of defence, U.S.; Mike Harris, Premier of Ontario; Richard Holbrooke, Former assistant secretary of state, U.S.; Peter Job, Chief executive, Reuters Holding, Britain; Lionel Jospin, Socialist party leader, France; Henry Kissinger, Former U.S. secretary of state; Andrew Knight, News Corp., Britain; Winston Lord, Assistant secretary of state, U.S.; Paul Martin, Finance minister, Canada; Philippe Maystadt, Finance minister, Belgium; John Monks, Union leader, Britain; Mario Monti, European commissioner; Sam Nunn, U.S. senator; William Perry, Defence secretary, U.S.; Jan Petersen, Conservative party leader, Norway; Malcolm Rifkind, Foreign secretary, Britain; Renato Ruggiero, Director-general, World Trade Organization; Mona Sahlin, Member of parliament, Sweden; Klaus Schwab, President, World Economic Forum; Queen Sofia, Spain; George Soros, President, Soros Fund Management, U.S.; George Stephanopoulos, Senior adviser to the president, U.S.; Peter Sutherland, Former director-general, GATT and WTO, Ireland; J. Martin Taylor, Chief executive, Barclays Bank, Britain; Alex Trotman, Chairman, Ford Motor, U.S.; John Whitehead, Former deputy secretary of state, U.S.; James Wolfensohn, World Bank president."
    49. ^ a b "Register of Members' Interests - George Osborne". United Kingdom Parliament. 3 July 2007.
    50. ^ "Register of Members' Interests - George Osborne". United Kingdom Parliament. 16 June 2008.
    51. ^ "Register of Member' Interests - George Osborne". United Kingdom Parliament. 27 May 2009.
    52. ^ Ronson, Jon (10 March 2001). "Who pulls the strings? (part 3)". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-07-04. ""During the Falklands war, the British government's request for international sanctions against Argentina fell on stony ground. But at a Bilderberg meeting in, I think, Denmark, David Owen stood up and gave the most fiery speech in favour of imposing them. Well, the speech changed a lot of minds. I'm sure that various foreign ministers went back to their respective countries and told their leaders what David Owen had said. And you know what? Sanctions were imposed.""
    53. ^ "Heath asks nation to be calm, fair, responsible, constructive". The Times. April 29, 1968. p. 2. "The outstretched hand of Mr. Powell was rejected by the leader of a coloured delegation which tried to present a petition to him today at the ski lodge at Mont Tremblanc Quebec, where Mr. Powell was attending the seventeenth annual Bilderberg conference."
    54. ^ "Register of Lords Interests - Lord Roll of Ipsden". United Kingdom Parliament. 1 October 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07.
    55. ^ "Twenty-fifth Bilderberg meeting held". Facts on File World News Digest. May 14, 1977. "Alec Douglas-Home, the former prime minister of Great Britain, chaired the conference, replacing Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, who had previously headed the Bilderberg invitation committee. (Prince Bernhard had resigned all public positions after the 1976 Lockheed scandal.)"
    56. ^ "News in Brief". The Times. April 26, 1975. p. 5. "Mrs Thatcher, the Conservative leader and Mr Healey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, were among participants in the twenty second Bilderberg Conference."
    57. ^ a b "Secret Meeting Held in Cannes". The Washington Post. March 30, 1963.
    58. ^ a b c d e f g Geschiedenis: Bilderberg-conferentie 1954
    59. ^ "American Trip By M. Defferre Hope Of Meeting The President". The Times. Friday, Mar 20, 1964. p. 13. "The main purpose of M. Defferre's visit however, is to attend the annual Bilderberg Colloquy at which leaders of western thought are invited to speak their minds in the strictest secrecy."
    60. ^ Valtiovarainministeriö: Heinäluoma Bilderberg-kokouksessa Ottawassa
    61. ^ Valtiovarainministeriö: Katainen Bilderberg-kokoukseen Istanbuliin
    62. ^ a b Tiedote
    63. ^ a b c d e f g "Alþýðuflokksmaður boðinn í fyrsta sinn á Bilderbergfund". Morgunblaðið (The Morning Paper). 24 April 1993.
    64. ^ Vefur Reykjavíkurborgar - Vefur Bjarna Benediktssonar
    65. ^ a b Björn Bjarnason 13.9.2001
    66. ^ Samtíðarmenn 2003
    67. ^ Alþingi - 112. löggjafarþing, 277. fundur, fyrirspurn: greiðsla kostnaðar á fundaferðum ráðherra (Icelandic)
    68. ^ Alþingi - 100. löggjafarþing, 88. fundur, 357. mál, utanríkismál (Icelandic)
    69. ^ Wikileaks - Bilderberg meeting report Aachen, 1980
    70. ^ Alþingi - Æviágrip: Jón Sigurðsson (Icelandic)
    71. ^ Westerwelle traf Gül - EU-Beitritt im Zentrum der Gespräche (German) Free Democratic Party of Germany. 30 May 2007.
    72. ^ Sir Edward Beddington-Behrens (June 13, 1960). "Obituary - Mr. Joseph Retinger". The Times. p. 12.
    73. ^ a b c Glen Mcgregor (May 24, 2006). "Ottawa to host top-secret meeting -- or maybe not: Rumours run rampant that ultra-influential Bilderberg to come here". Ottawa Citizen. "Several Canadian political figures have spoken at Bilderbergs, including prime ministers Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chretien, New Brunswick premiers Bernard Lord and Frank McKenna, and former Ontario premier Mike Harris. Prime Minister Stephen Harper's office would not say yesterday whether he has been invited to attend the rumoured Ottawa meetings. Mr. Harper attended the 2003 conference in Versailles, France."
    74. ^ Robert Benzie (June 12, 2006). "Ontario to build nuclear reactors". The Toronto Star.
    75. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    76. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    77. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    78. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    79. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    80. ^ a b "Answer given by Mr Prodi on behalf of the Commission". European Parliament. 15 May 2003.
    81. ^ Valerie Aubourg (June 2003). Organizing Atlanticism: the Bilderberg Group and the Atlantic Institute 1952-63.
    82. ^ Official List of Participants for the 2009 Bilderberg Meeting
    83. ^ a b Caroline Moorehead (18 April 1977). "An exclusive club, perhaps without power, but certainly with influence: The Bilderberg group". The Times.
    84. ^ Charlie Skelton (May 18, 2009). "Our man at Bilderberg: I should be ashamed". Guardian. "He shows me another: a long-range shot of two happy globalists in an inflatable doughnut ring and Speedos, skidding about behind a powerboat. If only the image was sharper we might see Peter Mandelson snatching a chat with Jean-Claude Trichet, the president of the European Central Bank. "So how do we sell ... splooosh! ... wooo! ... the abolition of the pound to the ... sploosh! ... electorate? Again! Again! Once more round the bay!""
    85. ^ a b c d Bruno Fay's blog on Le Monde
    86. ^ Bilderberg-Mirror.org.uk
    87. ^ STLtoday - St. Louis Post-Dispatch Archives
    88. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    89. ^ Svenska Dagbladet Näringsliv 2009-11-12
    90. ^ "Prufrock: Rulers of the world prepare to expel Black". The Sunday Times. February 15, 2004. "The final straw came this month when Black said he would sue Henry Kissinger andRichard Perle, both directors of Hollinger and fellow Bilderbergers. Now he is going to be pressed to leave the group."
    91. ^ "Leaders' meeting exclusive, secret: Chance for relaxed discussions". Hamilton Spectator (Ontario, Canada). June 1, 1996.

    Categories: International nongovernmental organizations | Bilderberg Group | Lists of businesspeople


    George H. W. Bush


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    Young George H. W. Bush taking his first steps at his grandfather's house in Kennebunkport, Maine, circa 1925
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    Bush with President Dwight D. Eisenhower
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    Bush (far right) in the Nashua debate with Reagan (far left) and the moderator
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    Bush with President Ronald Reagan
    Bush in Nashua, New Hampshirein 1987
    President Ronald Reagan endorses Bush in May 1988 at the President's dinner in Washington, DC; First Lady Nancy Reagan is at left and Barbara Bush on the right
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    Bush campaigns in Omaha, Nebraska, 1988
    Chief Justice William Rehnquistadministering the oath of office to Bush during Inaugural ceremonies at the United States Capitol, January 20, 1989
    George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989-1993). He was also Ronald Reagan's Vice President (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
    In office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993; His Vice President: Dan Quayle; Preceded by President : Ronald Reagan Succeeded by President: Bill Clinton
    43rd Vice President of the United States: In office: January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 President at the time: President Ronald Reagan;
    Preceded by: Walter Mondale Succeeded by: Dan Quayle
     11th Director of Central Intelligence In office: January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977 President at the Time: Gerald Ford 
    Preceded by: William E. Colby  Succeeded by: Adm. Stansfield Turner
    Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China In office: September 26, 1974 – December 7, 1975 
    President at the Time: Gerald Ford Preceded by: David K. E. Bruce Succeeded by: Thomas S. Gates, Jr.  
    48th Chairman of the Republican National Committee In office: 1971 – 1973 President at the time:  Richard Nixon  Preceded by: Charles W. Yost Succeeded by: John A. Scali
    Member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 7th congressional district In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1971
     Preceded by:John V. Dowdy Succeeded by: Bill Archer
    Born: June 12, 1924 (age 85); Birth name: George Herbert Walker Bush; Political party: Republican; Spouse(s): Barbara Pierce Bush 
    Occupation; Businessman (oil); Military Service: Service/branch: United States Navy;Rank: Lieutenant (junior grade);  Years of : 1942–45 Unit: Fast Carrier Task Force;  

    Bush was born in Massachusetts to Senator and New York Banker Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attacks on Pearl Harbor in 1941, at the age of 18, Bush postponed going to college and became the youngest navalaviator in the US Navy at the time.[1] He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.

    He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee; the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.

    In 1988, Bush launched a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as president, defeating Democratic opponentMichael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency; military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf at a time of world change; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and after a struggle with Congress, signed an increase in taxes that Congress had passed. In the wake of economic concerns, he lost the 1992 presidential election to DemocratBill Clinton.

    Bush is the father of George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, and Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida. He is the most recent president to have been a World War II veteran, and the most recent president to have fought in a war prior to being elected.

    Early Years

    George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts[2] on June 12, 1924. The Bush family moved from Milton toGreenwich, Connecticut shortly after his birth.

    Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich.[3] Beginning in 1936, he attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts,[3] where he held a large number of leadership positions including being the president of the senior class and secretary of the student council, president of the community fund-raising group, a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, and captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer teams.[4]

    World War II

    Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join theUS Navy,[1] so after graduating from Phillips Academy earlier in 1942,[4] he became a naval aviator at the age of 18.[3] After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve at Corpus Christi, Texas on June 9, 1943, just three days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.[1]

    He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as the photographic officer in September 1943.[1] The following year, his squadron was based on the USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, where his lanky physique earned him the nickname 'Skin'.[5] During this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.[1]

    After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant Junior Grade on August 1, the San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima.[6] His crew for the mission, which occurred on September 2, 1944, included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White.[1] During their attack, the Avengers encountered intense anti-aircraft fire; Bush's aircraft was hit by flak[7] and his engine caught on fire.[1] Despite his plane being on fire, Bush completed his attack and released bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits.[1] With his engine afire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft;[7] the other man's parachute did not open.[1] It has not been determined which man bailed out with Bush[1] as both Delaney and White were killed as a result of the battle.[7] Bush waited for four hours in an inflated raft, while several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine USS Finback.[1] For the next month he remained on the Finback, and participated in the rescue of other pilots.

    Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November 1944 and participated in operations in the Philippines[1] until his squadron was replaced and sent home to the United States. Through 1944, he flew 58 combat missions[7] for which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to San Jacinto.[1]

    Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153. Upon the Japanese surrender in 1945, Bush was honorably discharged in September of that year.

    Marriage and college years

    George Bush married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945, only weeks after his return from the Pacific. Their marriage produced six children: George Walker Bush (born 1946), Pauline Robinson Bush ("Robin", 1949–1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis "Jeb" Bush(born 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955), Marvin Pierce Bush (born 1956), and Dorothy Bush Koch (born 1959).[8]

    Bush had been accepted to Yale University prior to his enlistment in the military,[9] and took up the offer after his discharge and marriage. While at Yale, he was enrolled in an accelerated program that allowed him to graduate in two and a half years, rather than four.[9] He was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected president. He also captained the Yale baseball team, and as a left-handed first baseman, played in the first two College World Series.[9] As the team captain, Bush met Babe Ruth before a game during his senior year. Late in his junior year he was, like his father Prescott Bush (1917), initiated into the Skull and Bones secret society. He graduated as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa from Yale in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics.[10]

    Oil ventures

    After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his family to West Texas. His father's business connections proved useful when he ventured into the oil business, starting as a sales clerk[11] with Dresser Industries,[12] a subsidiary of Brown Brothers Harriman. His father had served on the board of directors there for 22 years. Bush started the Bush-Overby Oil Development company in 1951[13] and co-founded the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, an oil company which drilled in the Permian Basin in Texas, two years later. He was named president of the Zapata Offshore Company, a subsidiary which specialized in offshore drilling, in 1954.[11] The subsidiary became independent in 1958, so Bush moved the company from Midland, Texas to Houston.[12] He continued serving as president of the company until 1964, and later chairman until 1966, but his ambitions turned political.[12] By that time, Bush had become a millionaire.[11]

    Political career (1964–1980)

    Congressional years

    Bush served as Chairman of the Republican Party for Harris County, Texas in 1964, but wanted to be more involved in policy making, so he set his stakes high: he aimed for a US Senate seat from Texas.[12] After winning the Republican primary, Bush faced his opponent, incumbent Democrat Ralph W. Yarborough. Yarborough attacked Bush as a right-wing extremist, and Bush lost the general election.[14]

    Bush did not give up on elective politics and was elected in 1966 to a House of Representatives seat from the 7th District of Texas, defeating Democrat Frank Briscoe with 57% of the vote;[15] he became the first Republican to represent Houston.[12] His voting record in the House was generally conservative:[12] Bush opposed the public accommodations contention in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and supported open-housing legislation, something generally unpopular in his district.[12] He supported the Nixon administration's Vietnam policies, but broke with Republicans on the issue of birth control.[12] Despite being a first-term congressman, Bush was appointed to the powerful House Ways and Means Committee,[11] where he voted to abolish the military draft.[11] He was elected to a second term in 1968.[16] In 1970, Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House seat to again run for the Senate against Ralph Yarborough, a fierce Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easily defeated conservative Robert J. Morris, by a margin of 87.6 percent to 12.4 percent.[17]However, former Congressman Lloyd Bentsen, a more moderate Democrat and native of Mission in south Texas, defeated Yarborough in the Democratic primary.[11] Yarborough then endorsed Bentsen, who defeated Bush, 53.4 to 46.6 percent.[18] Nixon came to Texas to campaign in Longview for Bush and his gubernatorial ticket-mate, Paul Eggers, a Dallas lawyer who was a close friend of U.S. Senator John G. Tower.[19]

    1970s

    Ambassador to the United Nations

    Following his 1970 loss, Bush was well known as a prominent Republican businessman from the "Sun Belt", a group of states in the Southern part of the country.[11]Nixon noticed and appreciated the sacrifice Bush had made of his Congressional position,[12] so he appointed him Ambassador to the United Nations.[10] He was confirmed unanimously by the Senate, and served for two years, beginning in 1971.[12]

    Chairman of the Republican National Committee

    Amidst the Watergate scandal, Nixon asked Bush to become chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973.[10] Bush accepted, and held this position when the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party plummeted.[20] He defended Nixon steadfastly, but later as Nixon's complicity became clear, Bush focused more on defending the Republican Party, while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon.[12] As chairman, Bush formally requested that Nixon eventually resign for the good of the Republican party.[12] Nixon did this on August 9, 1974; Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon — a kick or two at the press — enormous strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [ Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."[21]

    Envoy to China

    Gerald Ford, Nixon's successor, appointed Bush to be Chief of the US Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China. Since the United States at the time maintained official relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and not the People's Republic of China, the Liaison Office did not have the official status of an embassy and Bush did not formally hold the position of "ambassador", though he unofficially acted as one. The time that he spent in China — 14 months — were seen as largely beneficial for US-Chinese relations.[12] After Ford's accession to the presidency, Bush was under serious consideration for being nominated as Vice President. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona declined to be considered and endorsed Bush, who, along with his supporters, reportedly mounted an internal campaign to get a nomination.[citation needed] Ford eventually narrowed his list to Nelson Rockefeller and Bush. However, White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld reportedly preferred Rockefeller over Bush.[22] Rockefeller was finally named and confirmed.

    Director of Central Intelligence

    In 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become Director of Central Intelligence. He served in this role for 357 days, from January 30, 1976 to January 20, 1977.[23] The CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including those based on investigations by Senator Frank Church's Committee regarding illegal and unauthorized activities by the CIA, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the agency's morale.[24] In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to Jimmy Carter both as a Presidential candidate and as President-elect, and discussed the possibility of remaining in that position in a Carter administration[25] but it was not to be.

    Other positions

    After a Democratic administration took power in 1977, Bush became chairman on the Executive Committee of the First International Bank in Houston.[26] He later spent a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science at Rice University[27] in the Jones School of Business beginning in 1978, the year it opened; Bush said of his time there, "I loved my brief time in the world of academia."[27] Between 1977 and 1979, he was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization.[28]

    1980 presidential campaign

    Bush had decided in the late 1970s that he was going to run for president in 1980;[22] in 1979, he attended 850 political events and traveled more than 250,000 miles (400,000 km) to campaign for the nation's highest office.[22] In the contest for the Republican Partynomination, Bush stressed his wide range of government experience, while competing against rivals Howard Baker, Bob Dole, John Anderson (who would later run as an independent), Phil Crane, John Connally, and the front-runner Ronald Reagan, former actor andGovernor of California.[22] In the primary election, Bush focused almost entirely on the Iowa caucuses, while Reagan ran a more traditional campaign.[22] Bush represented the centrist wing in the GOP, whereas Reagan represented conservatives. Bush famously labeled Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts "voodoo economics." His strategy proved useful, to some degree, as he won in Iowa with 31.5 percent to Reagan's 29.4 percent.[22] After the win, Bush stated that his campaign was full of momentum, or "Big Mo".[22] As a result of the loss, Reagan replaced his campaign manager, reorganized his staff, and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary. The two men agreed to a debate in the state, organized by the Nashua Telegraph, but paid for by the Reagan campaign. Reagan invited the other four candidates as well, but Bush refused to debate them, and eventually they left.[22] The debate proved to be a pivotal moment in the campaign; when the moderator, John Breene, ordered Reagan's microphone turned off, his angry response, "I am paying for this microphone Mr. Greene" [sic], struck a chord with the public.[22] Bush ended up losing New Hampshire's primary with 23 percent to Reagan's 50 percent.[22] Bush lost most of the remaining primaries as well, and formally dropped out of the race in May of that year.[22] With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his house in Houston and bought his grandfather's estate in Kennebunkport, Maine, known as "Walker's Point."[29]At the Republican Convention, however, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.

    Vice Presidency (1981–1989)

    See also: Presidency of Ronald Reagan

    As Vice President, Bush generally took on a low-profile while recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way.[22] As had become customary, he and his wife moved into the Vice President's residence at Number One Observatory Circle, about two miles from the White House. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians.[22] Mrs. Bush found the funerals largely beneficial, saying, "George met with many current or future heads of state at the funerals he attended, enabling him to forge personal relationships that were important to President Reagan."[22] As the President of the Senate, Bush stayed in contact with members of Congress, and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.[22] On March 30, 1981, early into the administration, Reagan was shot and seriously wounded in Washington, D.C. Bush, second in command by the presidential line of succession, was in Dallas, Texas and flew back to Washington immediately. Reagan's cabinet convened in the White House Situation Room, where they discussed various issues, including the availability of the Nuclear Football. When Bush's plane landed, his aides advised him to proceed directly to the White House by helicopter, as an image of the government still functioning despite the attack.[22] Bush rejected the idea, responding, "only the president lands on the South Lawn."[22] This made a positive impression on Reagan,[22] who recovered and returned to work within two weeks. From then on, the two men would have regular Thursday lunches in the Oval Office.[22] In his position, Bush chaired a special task force on deregulation, reviewing hundreds of rules and making specific recommendations on which ones to amend or revise, in order to curb the size of the federal government.[22] The Reagan administration introduced new policies in the War on Drugs, and Bush was part of this by heading another task force, this one on international drug smuggling and federal efforts to stop the spread of drugs from entering the US.[22] Both were popular issues with conservatives, and Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them through his work.[22] Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale, made history by choosing a woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. She and Bush squared off in a single televised Vice Presidential debate.[30] Serving as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro represented a "blue-collar" district in Queens, New York; this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a disadvantage.[22] However, the Reagan-Bush ticket won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Early into his second term as Vice President, Bush and his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a committee had been established and over two million dollars raised for Bush.[22] Bush became the first Vice President to become Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. Bush served as Acting President for approximately eight hours. The administration was shaken by a scandal in 1986, when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran, and had used the proceeds to fund the anticommunist Contras in Nicaragua, a direct violation of the law.[22] When the Iran-Contra Affair, as it became known, broke to the media, Bush, like Reagan, stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the diversion of funds,[31] although this was later questioned.[32] Public opinion polls taken at the time indicated that the public questioned Bush's explanation of being an "innocent bystander" while the trades were occurring; this led to the notion that he was a "wimp".[22] However, his fury during an interview with CBS' Dan Rather largely put the "wimp" issue to rest.[22]

    As Vice President, Bush officially opened the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis.

    1988 presidential campaign

    Bush had been planning a presidential run since as early as 1985,[22] and entered the Republican primary for President of the United States in October 1987. His challengers for the Republican presidential nomination included US Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, US Representative Jack Kemp of New York, former Governor Pete DuPont of Delaware, and conservative Christian televangelist Pat Robertson.

    Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, behind winner Dole and runner-up Robertson.[33] Much like Reagan did in 1980, Bush reorganized his staff and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary.[22] With Dole ahead in New Hampshire, Bush ran television commercials portraying the senator as a tax raiser;[34] he rebounded to win the state's primary. Bush continued seeing victory, winning many Southern primaries as well.[12] Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his.[11] Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. Bush chose little-known US Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, favored by conservatives.[11] Despite Reagan's popularity, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Governor of Massachusetts, in most polls.[35] Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan,[22] delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention.[35] Known as the "thousand points of light" speech, this described Bush's vision of America: he endorsed the Pledge of Allegiance, prayer in schools, capital punishment, gun rights, and his opposition to abortion.[35] The speech at the convention included Bush's famous pledge: "Read my lips: no new taxes".[36] The general election campaign between the two men has been described as one of the nastiest in modern times.[36] Bush blamed Dukakis for polluting the Boston Harbor as the Massachusetts governor.[12] Bush also pointed out that Dukakis was opposed to the law that would require all students to say the Pledge of Allegiance,[11] a topic well covered in Bush's nomination acceptance speech.[35] Dukakis's unconditional opposition to capital punishment led to a pointed question during the presidential debates. ModeratorBernard Shaw asked Dukakis hypothetically if Dukakis would support the death penalty if his wife, Kitty, were raped and murdered.[37] Dukakis's response of no, as well as the Willie Horton ad, contributed toward Bush's characterization of him as "soft on crime."[12] Bush defeated Dukakis and his running mate, Lloyd Bentsen, in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Bentsen received one vote from a faithless elector).[36] In the nationwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4 percent of the ballots cast[12] while Dukakis received 45.6 percent. Bush became the first serving Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836[22] as well as the first person to succeed someone from his own party to the Presidency via election to the office in his own right since Herbert Hoover in 1933.

    Presidency (1989–1993)

    Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989, succeeding Ronald Reagan. He entered office at a period of change in the world; the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Soviet Union came early in his presidency.[38] He ordered military operations in Panama and the Persian Gulf[38] and, at one point, was recorded as having a record-high approval rating of 89 percent.[39] However, economic recession and breaking his "no new taxes" pledge caused a sharp decline in his approval rating, and Bush was defeated in the 1992 election.[38] In his Inaugural Address, Bush said: I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.[40]



    Presidency of George W. Bush
    43rd President of the United States: In office: January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009:
    Vice President Dick Cheney
    Preceded by: Bill Clinton  Succeeded by: Barack Obama  Born: July 6, 1946 (age 63); New Haven, Connecticut; Political party: Republican  Spouse(s): Laura Bush
    Residence: Crawford, Texas; Occupation:well known publicly as a failed  Businessman (Oil, Baseball), and a drunk, womaniser and gambler: President of the United States
    Religion: United Methodist  

    The Presidency of George W. Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd President of the United States of America. The oldest son of former president George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush was elected president in the2000 general election, thus becoming the second second-generation president (after John Quincy Adams), succeeding his father after just one other president, and with just two terms between them. The Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Goreeffectively resolved the 2000 presidential election in favor of Bush by allowing the Florida Secretary of State's previous certification of Bush as the winner of Florida's electoral votes to stand. Florida's 25 electoral votes gave Bush, theRepublican candidate, 271 electoral votes, defeating Democratic candidate Al Gore in a close and controversial election. Bush was re-elected in 2004, and his term ended on January 20, 2009. As president, Bush pushed through a $1.3 trillion tax cut program and the No Child Left Behind Act, and also pushed forsocially conservative efforts such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and faith-based welfare initiatives. Nearly 8 millionimmigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005 – more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.[1]Almost half entered illegally.[2] After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Bush declared a global War on Terrorism and, in October 2001, ordered an invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban, destroy Al-Qaeda, and to capture Osama bin Laden. In March 2003, Bush received a mandate from the U.S. Congress to lead an invasion of Iraq, asserting that Iraq was in violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1441.[3] Bush also initiated an AIDS program that committed $15 billion to combat AIDS over five years and is credited for saving millions of lives.[4] His record as a humanitarian can also be tied to help enroll as many as 29 million of Africa's poorest children in schools.[5] Unfortunately, some of Bush's humanitarian efforts failed to address larger picture items, such as with his AIDS fight, stressed only abstinence.[6] On his second full day in office, Bush implemented the Mexico City Policy; this policy required any non-governmental organization receiving US Government funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion services in other countries.[7] Also in 2002, President Bush withdrew funding from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), a key player in promoting family planning in the developing world.[8] Running as a self-described "war president" in the midst of the Iraq War,[9] Bush won re-election in 2004,[10] as hiscampaign against Senator John Kerry was successful despite controversy over Bush's prosecution of the Iraq War and his handling of the economy.[11][12] His second term was highlighted by several free trade agreements, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 alongside a strong push for offshore and domestic drilling, the nominations of Supreme Court Justices John Roberts and Samuel Alito, a push forSocial Security and immigration reform, a surge of troops in Iraq, which was followed by a drop in violence, and several different economic initiatives aimed at preventing a banking system collapse, stopping foreclosures, and stimulating the economy during the recession.[13][14][15][16][17]

    After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism, even from former allies. His worldwide and domestic popularity decreased[18] due to the war and other issues such as the federal response to Hurricane Katrina, the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, record budget deficits affecting the administration, and the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. As president, Bush received some of the highest approval ratings in American history as well as some of the lowest, and he left office as one of the most unpopular Presidents in history.[19][20] Bush's Cabinet had included figures that were prominent in past administrations, notably former Secretary of State Colin Powell, who had served as United States National Security Advisor under Ronald Reagan. Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld had served as White House Chief of Staff and Secretary of Defense under Gerald Ford; Rumsfeld's successor, Robert Gates, served as Director of Central Intelligence under George H.W. Bush. Vice President Dick Cheney served as Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush.Bush placed a high value on personal loyalty and, as a result, his administration had high message discipline. He maintained a "hands-off" style of management. "I'm confident in my management style. I'm a delegator because I trust the people I've asked to join the team. I'm willing to delegate. That makes it easier to be President," he said in an interview with Diane Sawyer on ABC in December 2003. Critics allege, however, that Bush is willing to overlook mistakes[34] made by loyal subordinates.There was only one non-Republican in Bush's cabinet: Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta, the first Asian American cabinet secretary, who had previously served as Secretary of Commerce under Bill Clinton, is a Democrat. Mineta resigned from Bush's cabinet on July 7, 2006 to pursue "other challenges".[35] Mary Peters, a Republican, was nominated and confirmed to succeed him as Transportation Secretary. At least one other non-Republican was apparently offered a position in the administration but declined. CNN reported that in the transition to his second term, Bush offered the positions of Ambassador to the United Nations and subsequently Secretary of Homeland Security to Senator Joe Lieberman, then a Democrat and currently an "Independent Democrat".[citation needed] In 2006, Bush replaced long-time chief of staff Andrew Card with Joshua Bolten and made major staff and cabinet changes with the intention of revitalizing his Administration.[36]On November 8, 2006 (the day after the Democrats took back Congress in the midterm elections), Bush announced plans to replace Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with former CIA Director Robert Gates. Gates was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 6 and took office as the 22nd Secretary of Defense on December 18.[37] 

    undefined

    Cabinet meeting
    Attorney General: Bush's first Attorney General, John Ashcroft, was politically controversial, but widely viewed as competent. Ashcroft resigned days after Bush's 2004 re-election. Bush's second Attorney General was Alberto Gonzales. In addition to his work on providing guidelines for detainee interrogation methods prior to his appointment,[38][39] he claimed there was no right to Habeas Corpus.[40] Michael Mukaseysucceeded Gonzales and was the country's 81st Attorney General.
    Labor: Bush's first nomination for Secretary of Labor was Linda Chavez. This nomination came under attack when evidence came to light that she had given money to an illegal immigrant from Guatemala who lived in her home. Chavez claimed that the woman was not an employee and she had merely provided her with emergency assistance due to the domestic abuse the woman had been facing at the time.[41] Chavez's nomination was withdrawn. 

    Energy: ush's first Secretary of Energy, Spencer Abraham, was controversial at the time of his 2001 appointment because as a senator he co-sponsored S.896, a bill to abolish the United States Department of Energy, in 1999.[42] Samuel Wright Bodman III, Sc.D. is the United States Secretary of Energy and was previously Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Treasury Department.

    Homeland Security:When Tom Ridge announced his decision to resign as Secretary of Homeland Security, Bush's first choice to replace him was Bernard Kerik, who served as Police Commissioner of the City of New York during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Kerik's nomination raised controversy when it was discovered that he had previously hired an undocumented worker as a nanny and housekeeper. After a week, Kerik pulled his nomination and Bush went on to nominate Michael Chertoff.[43]

    Advisors and other officials: 

    [edit]Defence force nominations and appointments

    [edit]Supreme Court nominations and appointments

    Bush nominated the following people to the Supreme Court of the United States:

    Environmental record

    George W. Bush’s environmental record began with promises as a presidential candidate to clean up power plants and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In a speech on September 29, 2000 in Saginaw, Michigan, Bush pledged to commit two billion dollars to the funding of clean coal technology research. In the same speech, he also promised to work with Congress, environmental groups and the energy industry to require a reduction of the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercuryand carbon dioxide into the environment within a “reasonable period of time.”[45] He would later reverse his position on that specific campaign pledge in March 2001 in a letter to Nebraska senator Chuck Hagel, stating that carbon dioxide was not considered a pollutant under the Clean Air Act, and that restricting carbon dioxide emissions would lead to higher energy prices.[46]

    In 2001, Bush appointed Philip A. Cooney, a former lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute, to the White House Council on Environmental Equality. Cooney is known to have edited government climate reports in order to minimize the findings of scientific sources tying greenhouse gas emissions to global warming.[47]

    In March 2001, the Bush administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.[48] In February 2002, Bush announced his alternative to the Kyoto Protocol, by bringing forth a plan to reduce the intensity of greenhouse gasses by 18 percent over 10 years. The intensity of greenhouse gasses specifically is the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions and economic output, meaning that under this plan, emissions would still continue to grow, but at a slower pace. Bush stated that this plan would prevent the release of 500 million metric tons of greenhouse gases, which is about the equivalent of 70 million cars from the road. This target would achieve this goal by providing tax credits to businesses that use renewable energy sources.[49] In late November 2002, the Bush Administration released proposed rule changes that would lead to increased logging of federal forests for commercial or recreational activities by giving local forest managers the ability to open up the forests to development without requiring environmental impact assessments and without specific standards to maintain local fish and wildlife populations. The proposed changes would affect roughly 192,000,000 acres (780,000 km2) of US forests and grasslands. Administration officials claimed the changes were appropriate because existing rules, which were approved by the Clinton administration two months before Bush took office, were unclear.[50]

    In November 2004, Bush administration officials asked the United Nations to allow US industries to use an additional 458 tons of methyl bromide, an ozone-destroying pesticide that was slated for elimination by the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The additional increase request brings the US’s total exemption for the year 2005 to 9,400 metric tons of methyl bromide, more than all other nations’ requests combined, and well over the 7,674 metric tons used by US agribusiness in 2002.[51]

    In January 2004, Interior Secretary Gale Norton approved a move to open nearly 9,000,000 acres (36,000 km2) of Alaska's North Slope to oil and gas development, citing claims from the energy industry that nearly 13 billion barrels (2.1×109 m3) of oil could be extracted from the region. The North Slope neighbor's the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a sanctuary and habitat for migratory birds, whales, seals and other wildlife. Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey, however, estimate that less than one-third of the reported 13 billion barrels (2.1×109 m3) is economically recoverable in the entire 23,500,000-acre (95,000 km2) National Petroleum Reserve.[52]

    In July 2005 the Environmental Protection Agency decided to delay the release of an annual report on fuel economy. The report shows that automakers have taken advantage of loopholes in US fuel economy regulations to manufacture vehicles that are less fuel-efficient than they were in the late 1980s. Fuel-efficiency had on average dropped six percent during that period, from 22.1 miles per gallonto 20.8 mpg. Evidence suggests that the administration’s decision to delay the report’s release was because of its potential to affect Congress’s upcoming final vote on an energy bill six years in the making, which turned a blind eye to fuel economy regulations.[53]

    In May 2006, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) allegedly blocked release of a report that suggested global warming had been a contributor to the frequency and strength of hurricanes in recent years. In February, NOAA (part of the Department of Commerce) set up a seven-member panel of climate scientists to compile the report. The panel’s chair, Ants Leema, received an e-mail from a Commerce Department official asking for the report to not be released as it needed to be made “less technical.”[54] NOAA would later go on to say that the report was not released because it “was not complete” and was in reality not a report, but a “two-page fact sheet about the issue.”[55] 

    Legacy

    In 2006, 744 professional historians surveyed by New York-based Siena College regarded Bush's presidency as follows: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%. Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that "In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do." Similar outcomes were retrieved by two informal surveys done by the History News Network in 2004 and 2008.

    Proponents may argue that accomplishments such as the President's AIDS program, reform of education by the federal government with the No Child Left Behind Act, no more foreign terrorist attacks on American soil after the September 11th attacks, the creation of Medicare Part D, and sending 29 million African children to school will allow Bush to have a positive legacy. Critics may argue that theeconomic crisis of 2008, the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, his response to Hurricane Katrina, the ballooning deficit, the planning of the Iraq War, handling of the Guantanamo Bay detaineesand other terror suspects, and calls by Democrats for possible investigation and prosecution for war crimes committed under his name will leave him as one of the worst Presidents ever.[56] In response to a question on his popularity, Bush remarked "I know I gave it my all for eight years, and I did not sell my soul for the sake of popularity. And so when I get back home and look in the mirror, I will be proud of what I see."[57]

    On January 15, 2009, Bush gave a nationally televised farewell address in the East Room of the White House. He defended many of his decisions and cited the fact that he had kept the country safe since September 11, 2001 as a major accomplishment. Bush stated that "I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right." He also said that the United States must continue promoting human liberty, human rights, and human dignity around the world. One of his final lines was "We have faced danger and trial, and there's more ahead. But with the courage of our people and confidence in our ideals, this great nation will never tire, never falter and never fail."[58][59]
    Major Legislation signed under President George W Bush

    2001: May 26: The 2001 Bush Tax Cuts [HR 1836] (through reconciliation procedure); June 7: Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001; September 18: Authorization for Use of Military Force; September 28: United States-Jordan Free Trade Area Implementation Act; October 26: USA PATRIOT Act; November 28: Internet Tax Nondiscrimination Act; 2002: January 8: No Child Left Behind Act; March 9: Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002; March 27: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002; May 13: Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002[21]; July 30: Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; October 16: Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq; November 25: Homeland Security Act of 2002; 2003: March 11: Do-Not-Call Implementation Act; April 30: PROTECT Act of 2003 (Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act) (see also Age of consent); May 23 : The 2003 Bush Tax Cuts [HR 2] (through reconciliation procedure); May 27: United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Act of 2003; May 28: Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003; September 3: United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act; September 3: United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act; November 5: Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003; December 3: Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003; December 8: Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003; December 16: Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM); 2004: April 1: Unborn Victims of Violence Act (Laci and Conner’s Law);  July 17: United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act: August 3: United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act; 2005: February 18: Class Action Fairness Act of 2005; April 20: Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2005; May 11: Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 [HR 4297] (through reconciliation procedure); August 2: Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade AgreementImplementation Act; August 8: Energy Policy Act of 2005; August 10: Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2005(SAFETEA); October 26: Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act; December 21 : The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 [H. Con Res. 95] (through reconciliation procedure); 2006: January 11: United States-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act March 9: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act; July 27: Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act; August 17: The Pension Protection Act of 2006[22]; September 30: Iran Freedom and Support Act; October 4: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007[23]; October 17: Military Commissions Act of 2006; October 26: Secure Fence Act of 2006

    Legislation vetoed

    President Bush vetoed 12 pieces of legislation, four of which were overturned by congress:

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