Los Angeles
(pronounced /l?s 'ænd??l?s/ los-AN-j?-l?s; Spanish pronunciation: [los 'a?xeles]) is the largest city in the state of California and the Western United States as well as second largestUnited States.[1] Often abbreviated as L.A. and nicknamed The City of Angels, Los Angeles is rated an alpha world city, has an estimated population of 3.8 million[2] and spans over 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km2) in Southern California. Additionally, the Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to nearly 12.9 million residents,[3]globe and speak 224 different languages. Los Angeles is the seatLos Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most diversecounties[4] in the United States. Its inhabitants are known as "Angelenos" (/ænd??'li?no?z/). who hail from all over the of in the
Los Angeles was founded September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porziuncola).[5] It became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its independence from Spain. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican-American War, Los Angeles and California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States; Mexico retained the territory of Baja California. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.
Los Angeles is one of the world's centers of business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, technology, and education. It is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. Los Angeles leads the world in producing popular entertainment — such as motion picture, video games, television, and recorded music — which forms the base of its international fame and global status.
The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños) and Chumash Native American tribes hundreds of years ago. The first Europeans arrived in 1542 under Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer who claimed the area as the City of God for the Spanish Empire. However, he continued with his voyage and did not establish a settlement.[6]Gaspar de Portola, along with Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769. Crespí noted that the site had the potential to be developed into a large settlement.[7]
In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra built the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel near Whittier Narrows, in what is now called San Gabriel Valley.[8] In 1777, the new governor of California, Felipe de Neve, recommended to Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, viceroy of New Spain that the site noted by Juan Crespí be developed into a pueblo. The town was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores." Tradition has it that on this day they were escorted by four Spanish colonial soldiers, two priests from the Mission and Governor de Neve. The town was named El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula (The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels on the Porciúncula River).[9]Hispanic culture that had emerged in northern Mexico among a racially mixed society. Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto, and therefore, had African and Indian ancestry. More importantly, they were intermarrying.[10] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820 the population had increased to about 650 residents.[11] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.[12]
New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico, made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital. Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.
Railroads arrived when the Southern Pacific completed its line to Los Angeles in 1876.[13] Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923 Los Angeles was producing one-quarter of the world's petroleum.[14]
By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000 people,[15] putting pressure on the city's water supply.[16] 1913's completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.
In the 1920s, the motion picture and aviation industries flocked to Los Angeles. In 1932, with population surpassing one million,[17]Summer Olympics.
The post-war years saw an even greater boom, as urban sprawlSan Fernando Valley.[18] In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from UCLA to SRI in Menlo Park.[19]
Also in the 1980s, Los Angeles became the center of the heavy metal music scene, especially glam metal bands.[20] In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became the most financially successful in history, and only the second Olympics to turn a profit – the other being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.
During the remaining decades of the 20th century, the city was plagued by increasing gang warfare, drug trades, and police corruption. Racial tensions erupted again in 1992 with the Rodney King controversy and the large-scale riots that followed the acquittal of his police attackers. In 1994, the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[21]
Voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood[22]
Gentrification and urban redevelopment have occurred in many parts of the city, most notably Hollywood, Koreatown, Silver Lake, Echo Park and Downtown.[23]
The highest point in Los Angeles is Mount Lukens, also called Sister Elsie Peak.[24] Located at the far reaches of the northeastern San Fernando Valley, it reaches a height of 5,080 ft (1,548 m). The major river is the Los Angeles River, which begins in the Canoga Park district of the city and is largely seasonal. The river is lined in concrete for almost its entire length as it flows through the city into nearby Vernon on its way to the Pacific Ocean.
Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability produces numerous fault lines both above and below ground, which altogether cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes every year.[25] One of the major fault lines is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake.[26] Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 2008 Chino Hills earthquake, 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt.[25] The most recent earthquake felt was the 5.4 Chino Hills earthquake on July 29th 2008. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to Pacific Ocean tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.[27] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.[28]
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A series of demonstrations is taking place across the UK
to try and stop the Israeli air strikes on Gaza. The protests are being held at 18 locations including Portsmouth, Manchester,
Hull, London and Glasgow. They come after several days of smaller demonstrations
around the country, including outside the Israeli Embassy in Kensington, west
London. Israel's government has said it is defending its citizens from
Palestinian rocket attacks. 'No defence' The government launched the offensive after Palestinian rockets were fired
into Israel's southern regions, breaking a six-month truce. But Lyndsey German,
of the Stop the War Coalition, said Israel's actions were not "a defence
measure". She said there would be "tens of thousands" of people in London alone
and this "is just the start of the campaign". "If there is an invasion of Gaza,
as looks likely, by the Israeli army, if the blockade continues with people
suffering from shortages of food and medicine, then I think this will grow.
"This is Israel being aggressive, this is Israel attacking one and a half
million people who already live in great poverty, in great difficulty." More
than 30 organisations, including the British Muslim Initiative and the Stop the
War Coalition, have worked together to organise the series of protests. The
BBC's Barnie Choudhury estimated there were 7,000 to 10,000 people marching
along the Embankment in central London towards Trafalgar Square. Some chanted
"Free, free Palestine" and "Israel terrorists". On Whitehall, hundreds of shoes
were thrown at the gates of Downing Street, echoing the protest of an Iraqi
journalist who threw his shoes at US President George W Bush. A firework was
also reportedly thrown at police. Elsewhere, an estimated 2,000 people marched through Manchester and in
Portsmouth, nearly 500 people took to the streets. Police said there were about
500 demonstrators in Glasgow and 600 in Edinburgh. Former model Bianca Jagger and singer Annie Lennox have supported the action,
and have also called on American president-elect Barack Obama to speak up
against the bombardment. Ms Lennox told the BBC that both sides were "wrong" and
a total ceasefire was the only sensible solution. She said the intervention of
President George W Bush, who has described Hamas's rocket attacks as an "act of
terror", was not helping the situation. She said: "The problem is, from my
perspective, they are pouring petrol onto the fire. "They have to sit down. This
is a small window of opportunity just before things kick off. "For every one
person killed in Gaza, they are creating 100 suicide bombers. It's not just
about Gaza, it's about all of us. Actor Paul Kaye, whose mother-in-law was
killed in a Hamas rocket attack, told the BBC he had experienced the situation
from an Israeli point of view. "It's terrifying," he said. "My wife was trapped
in a supermarket in a rocket attack. I was with my sons in Ashkelon station,
holding them, waiting for a rocket to land and shutting my eyes thinking 'is
this it?' "So I think it's important to remember that mothers fleeing rocket
attacks holding their children have the same fear on both sides of the border."
Ceasefire calls The UN has reported that some 2,000 Palestinians have been wounded since the
airstrikes began last Saturday. More than 400 people have been killed including
60 civilians - 34 of them children. Four Israelis - three civilians and one
soldier - have been killed by rockets fired into Israel from Gaza, which have
hit towns up to 25 miles (40km) from the narrow coastal strip. Both sides have
so far resisted international calls for a ceasefire. 'Self-defeating' Foreign Office Minister Bill Rammell said the British government was
"forcefully and strongly arguing" for an immediate end to the violence. "Israel
has a right to respond proportionately, but we've been very, very clear that
there has been a massive loss of innocent life... and that is unacceptable." Mr
Rammell said Hamas rocket attacks on Israel were also "unacceptable", but
stressed that "a reinvigorated political process" was the only route to a
long-term solution. Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg branded Israel's strategy
of bombing Gaza "self-defeating". "One of the great victims of the Israeli
action is... moderate public opinion in the Arab world, upon whom Israeli
long-term security interests depend," he said. He said the reaction of the EU
had been "weak" and said member states should have threatened to sever trade
links with Israel if the bombardment continued. Chairwoman of the Jewish Labour
Movement, MP Louise Ellman, defended Israel's actions. She told the BBC: "The
scale of human suffering of the people in Gaza is deeply distressing but the
responsibility lies with Hamas." She described the militant group as an
"organisation that does not accept the existence of Israel" and one that
"refuses to be involved in negotiations" that would result in a two-state
solution in the region.Popular
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UK protests over Gaza air strikes
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GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip - Israeli troops made their deepest advance into the Gaza Strip's most heavily populated area on Sunday, encountering increasingly fierce resistance from Hamas fighters as they warned civilians to stay clear of the battle zone.
SDEROT, Israel - Thousands of children in southern Israel returned to school Sunday for the first time in two weeks, braving the threat of Palestinian rocket attacks while the army pushed ahead with its offensive in the neighboring Gaza Strip.
SDEROT, Israel - Joe the Plumber has set aside his wrenches to become a rookie war correspondent, covering Israel's side of its two-week-old military offensive in Gaza.
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip - Israeli troops made their deepest advance into the Gaza Strip's most heavily populated area on Sunday, encountering increasingly fierce resistance from Hamas fighters as they warned civilians to stay clear of the battle zone.
ANKARA, Turkey - A Turkish court formally arrested 14 more people Sunday for ties to an alleged secularist plot by ultranationalists to bring down the Islamic-rooted government, bringing the total of people involved in the case to more than 100.
MOSCOW (AFP) - Russia on Sunday said a deal to resume gas supplies to the European Union through pipelines in Ukraine had been delayed as swathes of central Europe and the Balkans remained without heating.
MOSCOW/KIEV (Reuters) - A Russian-Ukrainian deal to restore Russian gas supplies via Ukraine to Europe appeared on the verge of collapse on Sunday after Moscow rejected handwritten additions by Kiev as a 'mockery of common sense'.
MEXICO CITY - With violence spilling over the Mexican border into the U.S., President Felipe Calderon should have little trouble securing support for his battle against drugs when he meets U.S. President-elect Barack Obama on Monday.
VARA BLANCA DE ALAJUELA, Costa Rica - Emergency crews in Costa Rica found two more bodies in mountain villages hit by a 6.1-magnitude earthquake, raising the death toll to at least 18 people, the Red Cross reported.
LIMA, Peru - A bus ran off a slick mountain road into a ravine in northern Peru on Saturday, killing at least 33 people, police said.
CAPE TOWN, South Africa - In her AIDS-scarred South African township, Sweetness Mzolisa leads a chorus of praise for George W. Bush that echoes to the deserts of Namibia, the hills of Rwanda and the villages of Ethiopia.
MOGDASIHU, Somalia - Clashes between Islamist militias have killed at least 29 people and wounded more than 50 others in central Somalia, witnesses said Sunday. It was the latest sign of divisions within an Islamist insurgency the U.S. government says has links to al-Qaida.
MOGADISHU, Somalia - The body of a Somali pirate who drowned just after receiving a huge ransom washed onshore with $153,000 in cash, a resident said Sunday, as the spokesman for another group of pirates promised to soon free a Ukrainian arms ship.
KABUL, Afghanistan - Vice President-elect Joe Biden promised U.S. support for Afghanistan's struggle against terrorism, drugs and corruption, in surprise visit Sunday to a dangerous Taliban-stronghold area of Afghanistan.
PESHAWAR, Pakistan - Hundreds of militants, many from Afghanistan, attacked a Pakistani paramilitary camp in a lawless northwestern tribal region early Sunday, sparking a major clash that left six security troops and 40 insurgents dead.
JAKARTA, Indonesia - A ferry capsized in a severe storm and crashing waves in central Indonesia on Sunday and officials said around 250 people were feared dead.
TORONTO (Reuters) - The Conservative Party plans to present a $40 billion (US$34 billion) deficit, the highest since 1993, in the federal budget to be unveiled this month, CTV television reported.
TORONTO (Reuters) - Barack Obama will visit Canada in his first international trip as U.S. president, the office of Prime Minister Stephen Harper said on Saturday.
OTTAWA (Reuters) - New leadership has helped Canada's opposition Liberals recover the public support they had lost following threats to topple the minority Conservative government, a poll released on Friday showed.
SYDNEY (Reuters) - Australian special forces have killed a Taliban commander involved in recruiting suicide bombers and foreign fighters in Afghanistan, Australia's Defense Ministry said on Sunday.
SYDNEY (AFP) - A Canadian man has been charged with trying to smuggle more than two million dollars (1.4 million US) worth of cocaine into Australia inside a forklift from Mexico, police said Saturday.
SYDNEY (AFP) - Australia's Mandarin-speaking leader Kevin Rudd has helped spark an increase in the study of Asian languages, with record numbers of students signing up for Chinese, a major university said Friday.
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip - Israeli troops made their deepest advance into the Gaza Strip's most heavily populated area on Sunday, encountering increasingly fierce resistance from Hamas fighters as they warned civilians to stay clear of the battle zone.
JAKARTA, Indonesia - A ferry capsized in a severe storm and crashing waves in central Indonesia on Sunday and officials said around 250 people were feared dead.
LONDON - Lawmakers, Muslim groups and the Pakistani public criticized Prince Harry Sunday after a British newspaper published video footage of him using offensive and racist language.
The Pope has denounced the "abominable" murders of a policeman and two soldiers in Northern Ireland - as thousands in the region protested against the deaths. More »
Iraq's former deputy Prime Minister Tareq Aziz and Saddam Hussein's hatchetman "Chemical Ali" Hassan al Majid have been sentenced to 15 years in jail for crimes against humanity. More »
The death toll in a shooting spree that started at a school in southern Germany has reached 16, including the gunman, say police. More »
At least 10 people including the suspected gunman have been killed in a shooting spree across two towns in Alabama. More »
Reality TV star Jade Goody has left hospital in London where she was being treated for terminal cancer. More »
Terminally-ill reality TV star Jade Goody has left hospital. More »
DUSHANBE (Reuters) - The Central Asian state of Tajikistan Tuesday banned mobile phones from all schools and universities in a bid to boost education. More »
SANTIAGO (Reuters) - A Chilean Mapuche Indian has recorded an aria from French composer Georges Bizet's opera Carmen in her native tongue, mapudungun, in a bid to preserve a culture whose traditions are disappearing. More »
Memory giant Kingston Technology Europe has signed a retail deal with office supply firm Staples. More »
The semiconductor industry is facing a particularly tough 2009, according to the latest predictions from analyst firm Gartner. More »
Retail group John Lewis Partnership has announced a £41m increase in operating costs due to investment in technology, but expects to reap benefits by carrying out improvements in its IT infrastructure. More »
The BBC could have a part to play in the rollout of next-generation broadband based on optical-fibre networks, according to communications minister Lord Carter. More »
Apple Mac deployment is on the rise in businesses, according to a survey by the Enterprise Desktop Alliance (EDA), a group of vendors collaborating to better integrate Mac systems with Windows-based corporate infrastructures. More »
CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida (Reuters) - U.S. space shuttle Discovery was prepared for launch on Wednesday on a mission to finish installing the International Space Station's power system and deliver Japan's first live-aboard crew member. More »
The EU must be put on standby to assist in the events of a terrorist strike during the Olympics, peers have said. More »
Mass protests are taking place across the Republic of Ireland today against the violence of recent days. More »
The EU's specialist major emergency planning functions should be used to boost security at the 2012 Olympics, according to a Lords committee. More »
Over 1,000 serving police officers have criminal records, according to new figures reveals today. More »
Freedom of information figures obtained by the Liberal Democrats show that more than 1,000 serving police officers have a criminal record. More »