Google owned advertising software Adsense seems to have effectively acted in a sensorship role on the www.inlnews.com website, 

    by refusing to approve  a Google Adsense Advertising Account  for the www.inlnews.com website, which has been well established over the last 15 years,

    as a well known and well used International News and Information Website, where all forms of interesting and sometimes contraversal news and information is provided and discussed,

    to anyone wanting to access such news and information of the www.inlnews.com website.

     www.inlnews.com has a worldwide internet user ranking of around 900,000 in China, out of in excess of 8 billion websites on the World Wide Web.
     www.inlnews.com has a worldwide internet user ranking of around 300,000 in the World Wide Web News and Media Category, out of in excess of 8 billion websites on the World Wide Web.

     www.inlnews.com has taken 15 years to establish these World Wide Web Ranking. 

     All the web searches made on the www.inlnews.com website are purely organic, and are not as a result of any paid advertising to Google or anyone else to obtain its worldwide global ranking. 

     The world wide global Internet Ranking of www.inlnews is purely organic web searches, because people around the world want to look at and read the news and information on the www.inlnews.com website.

     It is also noted that around seven years ago there were hundreds of www.inlnews.com web links on Google covering hundreds on different news and information subjects,

     that the www.inlnews.com website covers if one just typed in "INLNews" into a Google Web Search..

     ... at the time www.inlnews.com  was heading to be under  the 10,000th top website on the world wide web.

      Then overnight Google decided to cancel all these hundreds of www.inlnews.com Google Web Links for hundreds on different subject matter we searches.

    There was obviously some very powerful people in Google that was extremely concerned about the fast improving world wide global rank of the www.innews.com web site, 

     so these powerful people inside Goolge decided that immediate action had to be taken ... to stop the fast improving World Wide Global rank of the www.inlnews.com website...

     It is believed that  the reason why all the 

hundreds of www.inlnews.com web links on Google were removed overnight from the Google Search Engine was to stop the fast improving World Wide Global rank of the www.inlnews.com website.

    It has taken the last 7 years for www.inlnews.com from Google cancelling all these hundreds of www.inlnews.com Google Web Links 

for hundreds of web Google Web Search Links on different subject matters, to try and recover its World Wide Global Rank..

The global drug trade is controlled and run by the intelligence agencies CIA Mosaad MI5- MI6 
 

James Casbolt has worked for MI6 'black ops' cocaine trafficking IRA Mossad – London & Brighton

http://iraqwar.mirror-world. ru/article/126995

MI6 (w. Mossad,CIA) Are The Lords Of The Global Drug Trade
By: Crack_Smoke_Republican on: 05.05.2007 [21:31 ] (718 reads)

Always treat the International Drug Trade and Drug Money Laundering as actual Terrorist Acts.

MI6 Are The Lords Of The Global Drug Trade 

International Politics 
Commentary by James Casbolt, Former MI6 Agent 
2 May 2007 

It may be a revelation to many people that the global drug trade is controlled and run by the intelligence agencies. In this global drug trade British intelligence reigns supreme. As intelligence insiders know MI5 and MI6 control many of the other intelligence agencies in the world (CIA, MOSSAD etc) in a vast web of intrigue and corruption that has its global power base in the city of London, the square mile. 

My name is James Casbolt and I worked for MI6 in 'black ops' cocaine trafficking with the IRA and MOSSAD in London and Brighton between 1995 and 1999. My father Peter Casbolt was also MI6 and worked with the CIA and mafia in Rome, trafficking cocaine into Britain. 

My experience was that the distinctions of all these groups became blurred until in the end we were all one international group working together for the same goals. We were puppets who had our strings pulled by global puppet masters based in the city of London. Most levels of the intelligence agencies are not loyal to the people of the country they are based in and see themselves as 'super national'. It had been proved beyond a shadow of a doubt that the CIA has been bringing in most of the drugs into America for the last fifty years (see ex LAPD officer Michael Rupert's 'From the wilderness' website for proof). 

The CIA operates under orders from British intelligence and was created by British intelligence in 1947. The CIA today is still loyal to the international bankers based in the city of London and the global elite aristocratic families like the Rothchilds and the Windsor's. Since it was first started, MI6 has always brought drugs into Britain. They do not bring 'some' of the drugs into Britain but I would estimate MI6 bring in around ninety percent of the drugs in. They do this by pulling the strings of many organised crime and terrorist groups and these groups like the IRA are full of MI6 agents. 

MI6 bring in heroin from the middle east, cocaine from south America and cannabis from morocco as well as other places. British intelligence also designed and created the drug LSD in the 1950's through places like the Tavistock Institute in London. By the 1960's MI5, MI6 and the CIA were using LSD as a weapon against the angry protestors of the sixties and turned them into 'flower children' who were too tripped out to organise a revolution. Dr Timothy Leary the LSD guru of the sixties was a CIA puppet. Funds and drugs for Leary's research came from the CIA and Leary says that Cord Meyer, the CIA agent in charge of funding the sixties LSD counter culture has "helped me to understand my political cultural role more clearly". 

In 1998, I was sent 3000 LSD doses on blotting paper by MI5 with pictures of the European union flag on them. The MI5 man who sent them told my father this was a government 'signature' and this LSD was called 'Europa'.

This global drugs trade controlled by British intelligence is worth at least 500 billion a year. This is more than the global oil trade and the economy in Britain and America is totally dependent on this drug money. 

Mafia crime boss John Gotti exposed the situation when asked in court if he was involved in drug trafficking. He replied"No we can't compete with the government".

I believe this was only a half truth because the mafia and the CIA are the same group at the upper levels.

In Britain, the MI6 drug money is laundered through the Bank of England, Barclays Bank and other household name companies.

The drug money is passed from account to account until its origins are lost in a huge web of transactions. The drug money comes out 'cleaner' but not totally clean. 

Diamonds are then bought with this money from the corrupt diamond business families like the Oppenheimers. These diamonds are then sold and the drug money is clean.

MI6 and the CIA are also responsible for the crack cocaine epidemic in Britain and America. In 1978, MI6 and the CIA were in south America researching the effects of the natives smoking 'basuco' cocaine paste.

This has the same effect as crack cocaine. They saw that the strength and addiction potential was far greater than ordinary cocaine and created crack cocaine from the basuco formula. MI6 and the CIA then flooded Britain and America with crack. Two years later, in 1980, Britain and America were starting to see the first signs of the crack cocaine epidemic on the streets. 

On August 23, 1987, in a rural community south of Little Rock in America, two teenage boys named Kevin Ives and Don Henry were murdered and dismembered after witnessing a CIA cocaine drop that was part of a CIA drug trafficking operation based at a small airport in Mena, Arkansas.

Bill Clinton was the governor of Arkansas at the time. Bill Clinton was involved with the CIA at this time and $100 million worth of cocaine was coming through the Mena, Arkansas airport each month. For proof see the books 'Compromise' and 'Dope Inc'. 

On my father's international MI6 drug runs, whatever fell off the back of the lorry so to speak he would keep and we would sell it in Britain.

As long as my father was meeting the speedboats from Morocco in the Costa del Sol and then moving the lorry loads of cannabis through their MI6, IRA lorry business into Britain every month, British intelligence were happy.

As long as my father was moving shipments of cocaine out of Rome every month, MI5 and MI6 were happy. If my father kept a bit to sell himself no one cared because there was enough drugs and money to go round in this 500 billion a year global drugs trade. 

The ones who were really paying were the people addicted. Who were paying with suffering. But karma always catches up and both myself and my father became addicted to heroin in later years and my father died addicted, and poor in prison under very strange circumstances.

Today, I am clean and drug-free and wish to help stop the untold suffering this global drugs trade causes. 

The intelligence agencies have always used addictive drugs as a weapon against the masses to bring in their long term plan for a one world government, a one world police force designed to be NATO and a micro chipped population known as the New World Order.

As the population is in a drug or alcohol-induced trance watching 'Coronation Street', the new world order is being crept in behind them. To properly expose this global intelligence run drugs trade we need to expose the key players in this area:... 

Continue reading for "the names" below... 


1. Tibor Rosenbaum — a MOSSAD agent and head of the Geneva based Banque du Credit international.

This bank was the forerunner to the notorious Bank of Credit and Commerce international (BCCI) which is a major intelligence drug money laundering bank. 'Life' magazine exposed Rosenbaum's bank as a money launderer for the Meyer Lansky American organised crime family and Tibor Rosenbaum funded and supported 'Permindex' the MI6 assassination unit which was at the heart of the John F. Kennedy assassination. 

2. Robert Vesco — sponsored by the Swiss branch of the Rothchilds and part of the American connection to the Medellin drug cartel in Columbia. 

3. Sir Francis de Guingand — former head of British intelligence, now living in south Africa (and every head of MI5 and MI6 has been involved in the drug world before and after him). 

4. Henry Keswick — chairman of Jardine Matheson which is one of the biggest drug trafficking operations in the world. His brother John Keswick is chairman of the bank of England. 

5. Sir Martin Wakefield Jacomb — Bank of England director from 1987 to 1995, Barclays Bank Deputy Chairman in 1985, Telegraph newspapers director in 1986 (This is the reason why this can of worms doesn't get out in the mainstream media.

The people who are perpetrating these crimes control most of the mainstream media. In America former director of the CIA William Casey is head of the council of the media network ABC. Many insiders refer to ABC as 'The CIA network.) 

6. George Bush, Snr. — former President and former head of the CIA and America's leading drug baron who has fronted more wars on drugs than any other president, which in reality is just a method to eliminate competition.

A whole book could be written on George Bush's involvement in the global drug trade but it is well-covered in the book 'Dark Alliance' by investigative journalist Gary Webb.

Gary Webb was found dead with two gunshot wounds to the back of his head with a revolver. The case was declared a 'suicide'. You figure that out. 

Gary Webb as well as myself and other investigators, found that much of this 'black ops' drug money is being used to fund projects classified above top secret.

These projects include the building and maintaining of deep level underground bases in Dulce in New Mexico, Pine gap in Australia, Snowy mountains in Australia, The Nyala range in Africa, west of Kindu in Africa, next to the Libyan border in Egypt, Mount Blanc in Switzerland, Narvik in Scandinavia, Gottland island in Sweden and many other places around the world (more about these underground bases in my next issue). 

The information on this global drugs trade run by the intelligence agencies desperately needs to get out on a large scale.

Any information, comments or feedback to help me with my work would be greatly welcomed. 

James Casbolt- St Ives, Cornwall-02/5/07 
E-mail jamescasbolt@hotmail.co.uk 

OPIUM LORDS AND THE KILLING OF A PRESIDENT
 

After President John F. Kennedy was murdered in 1963, America became deeply involved in the Vietnam War.

Within a few short years, heroin addiction in America reached epidemic proportions. In the background, Israel aggressively expanded its borders by force and became a colonial empire ruling a nation of angry Palestinians. A new BOOK “Opium Lords” by Salvador Astucia - reveals how Israel exploited the Western powers’ long history of opium trafficking as a means of toppling the young American president.

The following points summarize the well-documented information presented:
 

Opium was the glue that held together the rivalling factions that conspired to kill JFK.

The main factions in the conspiracy were Zionist instigators, the American Mafia (headed by Jewish mobster Meyer Lansky and his lieutenant, Santo Trafficante), French-Corsican crime syndicates in Marseilles, France and Southeast Asia, and the US military.

Heroin smuggling was first introduced in the United States in the 1920s by Jewish gangsters such as Meyer Lansky, "Legs" Diamond, and "Dutch" Schultz. One of the reasons President Johnson escalated US involvement in Southeast Asia was because the American Mafia and French-Corsican heroin traffickers needed a new source of opium for their heroin factories. Turkey had been the main source, but its government was about to eradicate opium production. 
 

Joseph Kennedy, Sr’s three sons were viewed as a new American dynasty that threatened Israel’s plans to expand its borders.

The Kennedy Dynasty would last until 1985 if each son served two terms in the White House.

It is widely known that Joseph Kennedy Sr developed a strong loathing of Jews from his business dealings with them in finance, Hollywood, and politics.

A decree was issued to kill JFK by Nahum Goldmann, founder of the World Jewish Congress and its president in 1963. Louis Bloomfield of Montreal was then assigned to set up the hit.

He was an influential international lawyer with an extensive espionage background - including, British intelligence, Haganah, OSS and the CIA. Martin Agronsky and other Jewish journalists and media moguls collaborated in the plot by pushing a false cover story that Lee Harvey Oswald and he alone killed JFK. Right-wing extremists joined the coup initially but broke ranks and declared a holy war against Jews immediately after JFK was killed. The assassins were the lieutenants of French-Corsican heroin trafficker and convicted Nazi collaborator, Auguste Joseph Ricord. He was living in Argentina at the time of the assassination. 
 

Later he moved to Paraguay, which became a major hub for smuggling heroin into the United States. The actual assassins were Lucien Sarti, François Chiappe, and Jean-Paul Angeletti—all French-Corsicans. Nixon, (no friend of the Jews) was driven from office because he destroyed Ricord’s heroin cartel, established détente with the Soviet Union, withdrew forces from Vietnam, and ended the draft. Under Nixon’s orders, police in Mexico City tried to arrest Lucien Sarti - the man who actually shot JFK in the head. When Sarti fled, Mexican police opened fire and he conveniently died in a hail of bullets on April 27, 1972.
 

JFK made powerful enemies within the military/Industrial establishment including Israel, when he attempted to establish détente with the Soviet Union in the summer of 1963.

He also wanted to put an end to the evil of the Federal Reserve System and to prevent Israel from acquiring ”the Bomb.” Abolishing the Fed would have been a crucial blow to the establishment elite’s dream of a New World Order, so it was decided that JFK simply had to go, by those that had the most to loose.  It also sent a powerful message throughout the Washington establishment that has not been lost on potential “buckers” of the ZOG system.

Promotional Video One of the INL Newsfilm- The Great American Novel


 

 Promotional Video Two of the INL News film- The Great American Novel

 Tavistock Society-World Manipulation by control of their victim's mind

Michael Rupert ex-Los Angeles Policeman says the CIA are running drugs around the world. 

Video one out of 11 videos...it was reported in the media that Michael Rupert committed suicide in 2015, but there are serious questions being raised as to

whether Michael Rupert was actually murdered and the murder covered up to make it look as though Michael Rupert committed suicide..

 The Great American Novel -The INL News Film - promo 3

   Everything You Have Ever Been Told Is A Lie

 The Great American Novel - INL News Film promo 4

 Project Camelot Interviews Leo Zagami - Part 1 of 3

 Project Camelot

 Published on Mar 30, 2008

 Leo Zagami: Illuminati Whistleblower Part 1 of 3 Oslo, Norway, February 2008 Leo Lyon Zagami,

ex-member of the Comitato Esecutivo Massonico - the Masonic Executive Committee - of Monte Carlo, was,

 until recently, a high level member of the Italian Illuminati.

Leo Zagamiis a 33rd degree Freemason, and a senior member of the infamous P2 Lodge. He was the 'Prince': prepared to take over after the older Illuminati 'King', Licio Gelli.

Leo Zagami was born of a Scottish-Sicilian Illuminati aristocratic bloodline, and so has been involved in the Illuminati Order since childhood.

Disgusted with satanic black magic rituals, and with the true intentions of those who regard themselves as the elite controllers of the planet, Leo Zagami has now made the commitment to tell the real story of those who seek to rule us all without our consent.

Quick, intelligent, likeable, passionate, and with a huge amount of information at his fingertips about the inside workings of the Powers that Be, Leo Zagami welcomed us into his house in Oslo, Norway, where he had been living in what might be called exile.

In our two and a half hour interview we were barely able to scratch the surface of everything he knows, and what we present is a summary for those unfamiliar with the labyrinthine details of one of the most important stories of our time. Be warned: some of the material is shocking.

Leo Zagami seems to have paid a price for talking to us on camera. Days after our interview, his wife Fatma Süslü, of Turkish descent but an aspiring Norwegian politician, left him - accusing us at Project Camelot, in the process, of being agents.

Immediately after Leo Zagami’s wife’s departure Leo Zagami was temporarily imprisoned and his cellphone and computers were confiscated by the police.

Leo Zagami intends to leave Norway for safer shores as soon as he can make the arrangements. Leo is a very brave man, and we wish him well.

Leo Zagami is determined and resilient.

 The information Leo Zagami presents is extraordinary and detailed, and much more will be found on his own 

http://www.illuminaticonfessions.webf... website. 

We intend to keep in close touch with him, and will support him in whatever way we can. To contact Bill Ryan or Kerry Cassidy, please e-mail us at

 support@projectcamelot.org

 Project Camelot Interviews Leo Zagami - Part 2 of 3  

   Leo Zagami: Illuminati Whistleblower Part 1 of 3 Oslo, Norway, February 2008 Leo Lyon Zagami,

 ex-member of the Comitato Esecutivo Massonico - the Masonic Executive Committee - of Monte Carlo,

was, until recently, a high level member of the Italian Illuminati.

Leo Zagamiis a 33rd degree Freemason, and a senior member of the infamous P2 Lodge. He was the 'Prince': prepared to take over after the older Illuminati 'King', Licio Gelli.

Leo Zagami was born of a Scottish-Sicilian Illuminati aristocratic bloodline, and so has been involved in the Illuminati Order since childhood.

Disgusted with satanic black magic rituals, and with the true intentions of those who regard themselves as the elite controllers of the planet, Leo Zagami has now made the commitment to tell the real story of those who seek to rule us all without our consent.

Quick, intelligent, likeable, passionate, and with a huge amount of information at his fingertips about the inside workings of the Powers that Be, Leo Zagami welcomed us into his house in Oslo, Norway, where he had been living in what might be called exile.

In our two and a half hour interview we were barely able to scratch the surface of everything he knows, and what we present is a summary for those unfamiliar with the labyrinthine details of one of the most important stories of our time. Be warned: some of the material is shocking.

Leo Zagami seems to have paid a price for talking to us on camera. Days after our interview, his wife Fatma Süslü, of Turkish descent but an aspiring Norwegian politician, left him - accusing us at Project Camelot, in the process, of being agents.

Immediately after Leo Zagami’s wife’s departure Leo Zagami was temporarily imprisoned and his cellphone and computers were confiscated by the police.

Leo Zagami intends to leave Norway for safer shores as soon as he can make the arrangements. Leo is a very brave man, and we wish him well.

Leo Zagami is determined and resilient.

 The information Leo Zagami presents is extraordinary and detailed, and much more will be found on his own 

http://www.illuminaticonfessions.webf... website. 

We intend to keep in close touch with him, and will support him in whatever way we can. To contact Bill Ryan or Kerry Cassidy, please e-mail us at

 support@projectcamelot.org.

 Project Camelot Interviews Leo Zagami - Part 3 of 3  

   Leo Zagami: Illuminati Whistleblower Part 1 of 3 Oslo, Norway, February 2008 Leo Lyon Zagami,

    ex-member of the Comitato Esecutivo Massonico - the Masonic Executive Committee - of Monte Carlo,

    was, until recently, a high level member of the Italian Illuminati.

Leo Zagamiis a 33rd degree Freemason, and a senior member of the infamous P2 Lodge. He was the 'Prince': prepared to take over after the older Illuminati 'King', Licio Gelli.

Leo Zagami was born of a Scottish-Sicilian Illuminati aristocratic bloodline, and so has been involved in the Illuminati Order since childhood.

Disgusted with satanic black magic rituals, and with the true intentions of those who regard themselves as the elite controllers of the planet, Leo Zagami has now made the commitment to tell the real story of those who seek to rule us all without our consent.

Quick, intelligent, likeable, passionate, and with a huge amount of information at his fingertips about the inside workings of the Powers that Be, Leo Zagami welcomed us into his house in Oslo, Norway, where he had been living in what might be called exile.

In our two and a half hour interview we were barely able to scratch the surface of everything he knows, and what we present is a summary for those unfamiliar with the labyrinthine details of one of the most important stories of our time. Be warned: some of the material is shocking.

Leo Zagami seems to have paid a price for talking to us on camera. Days after our interview, his wife Fatma Süslü, of Turkish descent but an aspiring Norwegian politician, left him - accusing us at Project Camelot, in the process, of being agents.

Immediately after Leo Zagami’s wife’s departure Leo Zagami was temporarily imprisoned and his cellphone and computers were confiscated by the police.

Leo Zagami intends to leave Norway for safer shores as soon as he can make the arrangements. Leo is a very brave man, and we wish him well.

Leo Zagami is determined and resilient.

 The information Leo Zagami presents is extraordinary and detailed, and much more will be found on his own 

http://www.illuminaticonfessions.webf... website. 

We intend to keep in close touch with him, and will support him in whatever way we can. To contact Bill Ryan or Kerry Cassidy, please e-mail us at

 support@projectcamelot.org

Exclusive Interview With Leo Zagami, Ex-Illuminatus, on Greg Szymanski's Radio Show

Arctic Beacon -
(Posted here: Sunday, January 07, 2007)

http://inlnews.com/LeoZagami_RealIlluminati.html

The genetic history of Ice Age Europe

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160502131231.htm

Date: May 2, 2016

Source: Howard Hughes Medical Institute#

Summary: Analyses of ancient DNA from prehistoric humans paint a picture of dramatic population change in Europe from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago, according to a new study. The new genetic data reveal two big changes in prehistoric human populations that are closely linked to the end of the last Ice Age around 19,000 years ago.

Three ~31,000-year-old skulls from Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic. For the next five thousand years, all samples analyzed in this study -- whether from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Austria, or Italy -- are closely related, reflecting a population expansion associated with the Gravettian archaeological culture.

Credit: Martin Frouz and Jirí Svoboda

Analyses of ancient DNA from prehistoric humans paint a picture of dramatic population change in Europe from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago, according to a new study led by Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator David Reich at Harvard Medical School.

The new genetic data, published May 2, 2016 in Nature, reveal two big changes in prehistoric human populations that are closely linked to the end of the last Ice Age around 19,000 years ago. As the ice sheet retreated, Europe was repopulated by prehistoric humans from southwest Europe (e.g., Spain). Then, in a second event about 14,000 years ago, populations from the southeast (e.g., Turkey, Greece) spread into Europe, displacing the first group of humans.

Archeological studies have shown that modern humans swept into Europe about 45,000 years ago and caused the demise of the Neanderthals, indicated by the disappearance of Neanderthal tools in the archaeological record, explained Reich. The researchers also knew that during the Ice Age -- a long period of time that ended about 12,000 years ago, with its peak intensity between 25,000 and 19,000 years ago -- glaciers covered Scandinavia and northern Europe all the way to northern France. As the ice sheets retreated beginning 19,000 years ago, prehistoric humans spread back into northern Europe.

But prior to this study, there were only four samples of prehistoric European modern humans 45,000 to 7,000 years old for which genomic data were available, which made it all but impossible to understand how human populations migrated or evolved during this period. "Trying to represent this vast period of European history with just four samples is like trying to summarize a movie with four still images. With 51 samples, everything changes; we can follow the narrative arc; we get a vivid sense of the dynamic changes over time," said Reich. "And what we see is a population history that is no less complicated than that in the last 7,000 years, with multiple episodes of population replacement and immigration on a vast and dramatic scale, at a time when the climate was changing dramatically."

The genetic data show that, beginning 37,000 years ago, all Europeans come from a single founding population that persisted through the Ice Age, said Reich. The founding population has some deep branches in different parts of Europe, one of which is represented by a specimen from Belgium. This branch seems to have been displaced in most parts of Europe 33,000 years ago, but around 19,000 years ago, a population related to it re-expanded across Europe, Reich explained. Based on the earliest sample in which this ancestry is observed, it is plausible that this population expanded from the southwest, present-day Spain, after the Ice Age peaked.

The second event that the researchers detected happened 14,000 years ago. "We see a new population turnover in Europe, and this time it seems to be from the east, not the west," said Reich. "We see very different genetics spreading across Europe that displaces the people from the southwest who were there before. These people persisted for many thousands of years until the arrival of farming."

The researchers also detected some mixture with Neanderthals, around 45,000 years ago, as modern humans spread across Europe. The prehistoric human populations contained three to six percent of Neanderthal DNA, but today most humans only have about two percent. "Neanderthal DNA is slightly toxic to modern humans," explained Reich, and this study provides evidence that natural selection is removing Neanderthal ancestry.

The study was an equal collaboration of David Reich's laboratory with the laboratories of Svante Pääbo and Johannes Krause, which worked together to extract and analyze the DNA from these ancient bones. Ancient specimens are frequently contaminated with microbial DNA, as well as DNA from archaeologists or lab technicians who have handled the specimens.

To get around these problems, the research team used a technique called in-solution hybrid capture enrichment. The team used about 1.2 million 52-base-pair DNA sequences corresponding to positions in the human genome that they were interested in as bait to target specific segments of DNA. After they washed the ancient DNA over the 1.2 million probe sequences, the researchers sequenced the ancient DNA that was captured by the probes.

To eliminate contamination that may have been introduced from handling the specimens, the researchers restricted analysis of many of the samples to sequences that had characteristic lesions of ancient DNA -- a cytosine to uracil error at the beginning of the sequence. Modern DNA typically does not have these errors, so contamination can be avoided by restricting the analysis to the sequences that do have them, said Reich.

"The ability to obtain genome-scale data from ancient bones is a new technology that's only been around for the last five or six years," Reich emphasized. "It's a new scientific instrument that makes it possible to look at things that have not been looked at before."

Story Source:

Materials provided by Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

Qiaomei Fu, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwängler, Wolfgang Haak, Matthias Meyer, Alissa Mittnik, Birgit Nickel, Alexander Peltzer, Nadin Rohland, Viviane Slon, Sahra Talamo, Iosif Lazaridis, Mark Lipson, Iain Mathieson, Stephan Schiffels, Pontus Skoglund, Anatoly P. Derevianko, Nikolai Drozdov, Vyacheslav Slavinsky, Alexander Tsybankov, Renata Grifoni Cremonesi, Francesco Mallegni, Bernard Gély, Eligio Vacca, Manuel R. González Morales, Lawrence G. Straus, Christine Neugebauer-Maresch, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Silviu Constantin, Oana Teodora Moldovan, Stefano Benazzi, Marco Peresani, Donato Coppola, Martina Lari, Stefano Ricci, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Frédérique Valentin, Corinne Thevenet, Kurt Wehrberger, Dan Grigorescu, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Damien Flas, Patrick Semal, Marcello A. Mannino, Christophe Cupillard, Hervé Bocherens, Nicholas J. Conard, Katerina Harvati, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Dorothée G. Drucker, Jiří Svoboda, Michael P. Richards, David Caramelli, Ron Pinhasi, Janet Kelso, Nick Patterson, Johannes Krause, Svante Pääbo, David Reich.

 The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/nature17993

List of missions to comets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets  

ICE
(ISEE-3) 

12 August 1978 

NASA
United States/ ESA 

21P/Giacobini–Zinner

Flyby

Outcome: Successful

Remarks:

Extended mission; Closest approach of 7,862 kilometres (4,885 mi) at 11:02 UTC on 11 September 1985. Also made distant observations of 1P/Halley in May 1986.

Carrier: Delta 2914

Vega 1
(5VK No.901) 

15 December 1984

Soviet Union 

Flyby

 Successful

Flew past Halley after visiting Venus; closest approach 8,889 kilometres (5,523 mi) at 07:20:06 UTC on 6 March 1986.

 Proton-K/D-1

Vega 2
(5VK No.902) 

21 December 1984 

 Soviet Union

1P/Halley 

 Flyby

Successful 

Flew past Halley after visiting Venus; closest approach at 07:20 UTC on 9 March 1986.

Proton-K/D-1 

 Sakigake

(MS-T5)

7 January 1985 

  ISAS
Japan 

  1P/Halley 

  Flyby 

Successful

  Closest approach of 6.99 million kilometres (4.34 million miles) at 04:18 UTC on 11 March 1986.

  Mu-3S-II 

Giotto 

 2 July 1985

  ESA 

1P/Halley

  Closest approach of 605 kilometres (376 mi) at 00:03:02 UTC on 14 March 1986.

  Successful   

26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 

Extended mission. Closest approach of 200 kilometres (120 mi) at 15:30 UTC on 10 July 1992.[7] 

  Flyby 

  Successful 

Suisei
(PLANET-A) 

 19 August 1985

ISAS
Japan  

1P/Halley 

Successful  

Closest approach of 152,400 kilometres (94,700 mi) at 13:06 UTC on 8 March 1986[ 

21P/Giacobini–Zinner  

  Flyby 

  Spacecraft failure
(Extended mission) 

  Extended mission, spacecraft ran out of fuel en route; flyby had been scheduled for 24 November 1998

  Delta II7326 

Carrier Rocket: Mu-3S-II

Deep Space 1 

 24 October 1998

NASA
United States  

107P/Wilson–Harrington

Spacecraft failure 

 Spacecraft was unable to reach Wilson–Harrington due to ion engineoperation being suspended while a problem with the probe's star tracker was investigated.

19P/Borrelly 

 Successful

Extended mission 

 Carrier Rocket: Delta II7326

Stardust
(Discovery 4) 

7 February 1999 

 NASA

United States

9P/Tempel 

  Flyby 

  Successful 

  Extended mission, Stardust-NExT, to survey crater caused by Deep Impact 

  Delta II7426 

  CONTOUR
(Discovery 6) 

  3 July 2002 

  NASA
United States 

2P/Encke  

Flyby  

Spacecraft failure  

73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 

Flyby 

Spacecraft failure  

  6P/d'Arrest 

  Flyby 

Spacecraft failure 

Flyby provisionally scheduled at time of spacecraft's failure

 Rocket Carrier: Delta II7425

Rosetta  

2 March 2004 

 ESA

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 

 Orbiter

Successful 

 Entered orbit around 67P at 09:06 UTC on 6 August 2014. On 30 September 2016 mission ended in an attempt to slow land on the comet's surface near a 130 m (425 ft) wide pit called Deir el-Medina.

Carrier Rocket: Ariane 5G+

Philae 

 2 March 2004

ESA / DLR
Germany 

 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Lander 

 Mostly successful

Carried by Rosetta. Came to rest on the surface of 67P at 17:32 UTC on 12 November 2014. Communications ceased with the loss of battery power at 00:36 UTC on 15 November 2014 and the lander began hibernating. Reactivated on solar power and briefly established contact with ground control again at 20:28 UTC on 13 June 2015, and sporadically until 9 July 2015 when the last communication was received.

 Rocket Carrier: Ariane 5G+

Deep Impact
(Discovery 7) 

12 January 2005 

 NASA

United States

Flyby/Impactor  

Successful  

Impact occurred at 05:52 UTC on 4 July 2005. 

  103P/Hartley  

Flyby  

Successful 

Extended mission (EPOXI) 

 Rocket Carrier

Delta II7925 

Evolution and the ice age

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130226135241.htm

Date: February 26, 2013

Source: Bournemouth University

Summary: Scientists are discovering how the evolution of ecosystems has to be taken into account when speculating between different geological eras. Go back to the time of the dinosaurs or to the single-celled organisms at the origins of life, and it is obvious that ecosystems existing more than 65 million years ago and around four billion years ago cannot be simply surmised from those of today.

John Stewart conducting his research into prehistoric environments.

Credit: Image courtesy of Bournemouth University

Dr John Stewart has made important contributions to a growing body of work that shows how the evolution of ecosystems has to be taken into account when speculating between different geological eras. Go back to the time of the dinosaurs or to the single-celled organisms at the origins of life, and it is obvious that ecosystems existing more than 65 million years ago and around four billion years ago cannot be simply surmised from those of today.

Although the most drastic evolutionary changes occur over long spans of time, the effects can be seen relatively recently, argues Dr Stewart.

Stewart has studied the interaction between ancient ecosystems -- paleoecology -- and evolution of humans and other organisms over the past 100,000 years, undertaking everything from excavating cave sites in Belgium to exploring the desert of Abu Dhabi.

In one milestone collaborative study, Dr Stewart has taken existing knowledge of the geographical spread of plant and animal species throughout the warming and cooling of the Ice Ages to provide insights into human origins, including the evolution and extinction of Neanderthals.

He has also examined the rise of the 'first Europeans', along with the Denisovans -- a newly discovered group -- mysterious cousins of the Neanderthals, who occupied a vast realm stretching from the chill expanse of Siberia to the tropical forests of Indonesia.

The key insight in this work, conducted alongside Prof Chris Stringer of London's Natural History Museum, came from understanding the important role of the refuge taken by a species from harsher conditions -- known as a refugium -- which has a tremendous influence on the evolutionary future of the species. Once the climate changes again, for instance as ice sheets melt, these refuges can expand or connect up again.

But, of course, there's a twist. Evolution has also had a huge influence. The inhabitants are not the same as the original populations as a result of genetic mutations. The time spent apart in refuge generally serves to splinter a once unified species.

Previous research into hedgehogs, polar bears and other animals suggest that, even once an Ice Age ends and the different populations start intermingling again, they never really merge back together as a single group. This process drives important evolutionary changes, which can ultimately lead to the origins of a new species.

Ultimately, this explains why Homo sapiens are still here and our archaic human cousins went extinct some 30,000 years ago: our ancestors chose the right refuge to wait out the Ice Age.

Today, Dr Stewart's work has shifted away from fossil remains to ancient DNA. Traditionally insights into the evolution of species have come from fossils, but we now know that the genetic changes that underlie a major change in body shape can be minor.

"The most exciting development in my field has been the ability to analyse ancient DNA, which has begun to allow us to see evolution happening over the last several dozen thousand years," explains Dr Stewart.

His claim that climate change caused the Neanderthals' demise is supported by work by Love Dalén at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, who has looked at the genes in 13 Neanderthal fossils found in southern Europe and western Asia.

All Neanderthal fossils more than 48,000 years old, and those found in Asia, had a higher level of genetic diversity than later European fossils, suggesting that the Neanderthals probably went through an evolutionary 'bottleneck' where a significant percentage of them perished.

When a bottleneck occurs, the remaining individuals are often a much less diverse group, which makes it more difficult for them to evolve and adapt to a changing environment.

Dr Stewart, who is doing DNA studies in collaboration with teams at the Natural History Museum in Stockholm and the Universities of York and Royal Holloway, is now focusing on using genetics to elucidate the evolution of a wide range of creatures.

He has conducted recent studies at the cave site of Trou Al'Wesse, a refugium once occupied by Neanderthals, in Belgium. He is studying how animal populations changed as a result of Ice Age climate change to understand the evolutionary processes that have taken place over the last 50,000 years.

But his work is not confined to the past. It informs the present too. Recently there had been a proposal to eradicate the Eagle Owl because it killed other birds, such as hen harriers, and was not thought to be a native species. But Dr Stewart's studies of fossils and more recent archaeological records revealed the bird, or something like it, has been present in Britain for up to 700,000 years. The plan to cull the birds has now been abandoned.

And his research can help us predict the future. The fear is that our ever-expanding impact on the planet will trigger ecological collapse. But the only way to know for sure is to look back into the past.

"By studying how organisms have reacted to past climate change," explains Dr Stewart, "we can learn lessons about what may take place due to human-caused global warming."

Story Source:

Materials provided by Bournemouth University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Words From The SculPTor ~CONTRACT vs CONSPIRACY~

A contract is
a legally enforceable agreement,
not necessarily in writing,
between two or more capable people,
to do or not to do, some lawful and,
genuinely intended act.

A conspiracy is
an agreement between
two or more persons,
to commit a crime or,
accomplish a legal purpose
through illegal action.

BORN AGAIN~?

Each and every one of us was programed from birth by the SYSTEM. When we admit it and accept that those things we did and thought in the past were the result of programing, then, and only then, can we make a conscience decision not to feel bad about who we were before, but instead grasp at the new opportunity to become ourselves and take full responsibility for our actions or inactions in the future. This should be the only way that we can ever claim being “born again”.

Fatima-Phoenicians

Each letter of the alphabet is a Philosophers Stone.

The shape-shifted lowercase “S” of the Desdemona typeface is the Holy Grail / Graal (the pictogram is a symbol of the uterus implant designed for a male hermaphrodite).

Note the “PH” link between alPHabet, PHilosoPHer, HermaPHrodite, PHarmacist, ShePHerd. Then, you will overstand the importance of “HP”; Hewlett Packard who let the dogs out~!

Phoenicians are an admixture of Sea Peoples, ShePHerd Kings and Canaanites. Before moving on to Carthage they gave up Canaan to the Hittite/Hebrews, who are otherwise known as the Hycsos and were being evicted from Egypt. Before settling down in Canaan the Hebrews were given a 40 year refresher course on what was expected of them, by the Horites (God – Top Dog Priests), at Mount Sinai.

Fat-ima = Fat I am = Phat/Ptah (God of Zoro-Astrian/Zoro-Babel Freemasonry)
as in Top Hat or Frigian Tuqes, etc.

EQUILIBRIUM~!

Freemasonry’s symbols suggest that humanity needs to be shape-shifted to “bee” in order to achieve EQUILIBRIUM. A “bee” is also called a ring. The Lord of the Rings is the Queen Bee. In a beehive, genders are not required except for procreation. Freemasonry believes this matter can be best handled by a single gender now known to philosophers as Ubermensch, Beyondman or Superman. “IT” is a Hermaphrodite.

Secret Coding hidden in Language is the way they currently implement this plan. Faith based Organized Religion is their proof of its success. When all the kinks have finally been worked out through testing on their Guinea Pigs, presently known as the Human Race, humans will be destroyed and replaced with Beyondman.

At that time the Black Capstone will be retrieved and flown from the Kaaba at Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, and deposited on top of the Great White Pyramid, at Giza in Egypt.

The plan is an 8000 year criminal conspiracy, a Zoro-Astrian / Zoro-Babel Cabal known to some as the “Gulf of Aqaba Kabala” which is approaching its ultimate conclusion. The signs are all around.

Thus Spake Zarathustra~!

SYSTEM Taboos

The System, in an attempt to control comprehension, has imposed a number of taboos which they claim are out of bounds for discussion among civilized peoples. These taboos fall under the general headings of sex, politics and religion.

Those of us who now overstand have discovered that one can never come to terms with reality unless these three topics of discussion become the main topics of our communications.

As an example one should take a second look at how we treat the subject of women’s breasts. Masonry’s Pilgrims to America made certain that “nice” ladies were dressed from foot to chin. The System then allowed “Topless” dancers and prostitutes, then equating the women who do it to the derogatory term “slut”. A woman who marries for “security” or “political correctness” is never described as a slut.

The fact of the matter is that nature gave women breasts in order to feed their young. Breasts are not “sex objects” but are symbols of FEMALE POWER, symbols which are overstood instinctively by all “normal” males. This is why males instinctively look to see if the person they are speaking with has breasts. In a matrial society this is how males knew whether or not the person they were speaking with had the authority to give them directions as to what task they should perform next. Also, this is why females are still taught to reject this natural male instinct. By going along with it this deminishes the political power of women and plays right into the hands of “men who wear dresses (robes) in public”.

FINDING by CIPI

Following a number of years of investigation by the Canadian Institute for Political Integrity into the question :

“Who owns the government?”

It is our “FINDING” that all of the national governments of the world are simply AGENCIES of middle-Eastern Money Creators and TAX COLLECTORS; whose roots are firmly entrenched in Persian, Pedophile, Predatory PRIEST~HOODS (see: Zoro-Aster/Zoro-Babel); Priests who couch their control over us in fabricated diplomatic languages to veil their PREDATORY SYSTEM which, at its heart, is modeled on the CHESSBOARD and the Game of Chess.

These MONEY CREATING and TAX COLLECTING PRIEST~HOODS directly control the reins of FREEMASONRY, the Secret Society that in turn controls all POLITICS,
LAW ENFORCEMENT, ORGANIZED CRIME, FREE TRADE and ORGANIZED RELIGION.

ALL PRIESTS, OF ALL RELIGIONS, whether they are publicly styled Priest, Reverend, Bishop, Cardinal, Monk, Llama, or Pope, ultimately report through a chain-of-command that leads directly to the MONEY CREATING/TAX COLLECTING PRIEST~HOODS. Religion is a second level of direct taxation that taxes your current dreams as well as your hopes for everlasting life.

FREEMASONRY HAS HAD MANY NAMES~!

ALTHOUGH FREEMASONRY HAS USED MANY THOUSANDS OF NAMES OVER NUMEROUS CENTURIES AN EASILY DEFINABLE COMMON THREAD LINKS THEM ALL TO~GET~HER!

Freemasonry is “a war to the death against thinking women and those men who support them”, which is being fought covertly by the descendants of the first Pedophile Predator Priests from the “Land of Punt”, who were banned from participation in the affairs of Matrial Clan Society, some 60,000 years ago.

Since then, they have by means of a step-by-step conspiracy, lied about world history, divided humans in order to conquer and destroyed the credibility of women as long range nurturers and planners; convinced some braindead men that they should themselves lead a new patriarchal elitist system (based on the works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle), while in fact taking over the management of world affairs themselves under the cover of secret societies governed at the top, symbolically, by “men who wear dresses in public” (ie: Kings, Politicians, Priests, Judges, Lawyers, Doctors, Scientists, Arab Emirs, Scots and selected University Professors and Graduates ~ MBA, PHD and LLD).

These Priest-Hoods have destroyed the paradise that was here long ago and now infest our word boxes with their confusing variety of languages (6000) and criminal financial system that rewards thieves and idiots.

Isn’t it time that we woke-up to these little known facts and respond appropriately.

THE SYSTEM

Many here don’t overstand. Few appear to comprehend Ultimate Reality. Mostly, they have fallen into the trap of Hegelian Dialectics. They believe that political opponents, military opponents, religious opponents and commercial opponents are real “competitors”, instead of in fact being the antipodean Trojan Horses or Talking Mules they are, both sides working towards the same Masonic goal for the End Times of the PlanET

Cancer vs Symptoms

Protesters have been pointing at the “symptoms” of the disease for 6,000 years and it hasn’t changed a damn thing. Symptoms are a “ball of steel wool”, a maze that leads you nowhere.

The Rockefellers have been pointing at the symptoms of Cancer from the Sloan Kettering institute without ever divulging the cure for Cancer. It has become a cash-cow business.

I suggest that if everyone concentrated on the Cancer itself (ie: who got us into the mess we’re in) rather than on the maze of never ending symptoms (ie: chemtrails and 9/11) we would turn the SYSTEM around on its ear in 20 years time.

Time is of the essence.

– The SculPTor
Glen CI4PI

One Response to “Words From The SculPTor”

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bet365 said this on November 24, 2010 at 1:56 am   

http://www.wordsculptor.net/content/index.html

When I Woke Up!

When I finally woke up I took a look around. I saw city halls, courthouses, houses of parliament, churches, schools, and universities by the hundreds and thousands. I saw systems – systems for managing the land, the air, and the water; systems for managing human behaviour; systems for managing religion; systems for managing learning; systems for managing food, shelter, clothing; systems for managing love and procreation: a vast complex of carefully engineered systems. I saw millions of people working, not for themselves, but for someone else. I saw millions of people doing, not what they themselves want to do, but what someone else wants them to do. I saw the depressing evidence of a people who have externalized and institutionalized – in fact, have tried to standardize – the very nature of humanity.

I saw a whole people who’ve lost the way of life and in its place have built a technological monster which does most of their hard work, carries their water, delivers their food, raises their kids, makes their decisions, says their prayers, transports them, “informs” them, entertains them, and controls the people it serves, absolutely. I also saw that the monster, seemingly unable to manage itself, was running wild, totally out of visible control, ripping the land to pieces, spreading poisons, filling the air with filth, dumping garbages and shit in the rivers and lakes and oceans. I saw all that, and I saw the people, millions of them, crowded together in cities, living side by side in towns, villages, rural areas. But I didn’t see a single community.

Is someone doing all of this on purpose? Yes!

– Wilfred Pelletier and Ted Poole

~ by Scat on December 11, 2010.

Posted in Glen Kealey, Mind Control, New World Order, predictive programming, Reality 
Tags: 2010, blog, church, control, creation, culture, disease, Government, humanity, life, monster, nature, New World Order, NWO, pelletier, people, poole, programming, scat, school, slavery, system, ted, up, wilfred, woke, work

One Response to “When I Woke Up!”

Withdraw from this evil world system in every way you can. Protect yourself from further mind control. Getting rid of your TV would be a good start.

Quietly on your own, take care of yourself and your loved ones.

I am a Christian and to me the only way “out” of this system is for each of us to belong to the only “system” that will save us.

Be Not Conformed to This World

John 17:15 I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil.
16 They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.

Romans 12:1 I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service.
2 And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.

1 Corinthians 3:18 Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be wise.
19 For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.

1 Corinthians 7:29 But this I say, brethren, the time is short: it remaineth, that both they that have wives be as though they had none;
30 And they that weep, as though they wept not; and they that rejoice, as though they rejoiced not; and they that buy, as though they possessed not;
31 And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion of this world passeth away.

Galatians 1:3 Grace be to you and peace from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus Christ,
4 Who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God and our Father:
5 To whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.

Galatians 4:1 Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;
2 But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.
3 Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:
4 But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
5 To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
6 And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
7 Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
8 Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.
9 But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?
10 Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years.
11 I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.

Galatians 6:14 But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world.

Ephesians 2:1 And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins;
2 Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience:
3 Among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others.
Ephesians 6:11 Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.
12 For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places.

Philippians 2:14 Do all things without murmurings and disputings:
15 That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world;
16 Holding forth the word of life; that I may rejoice in the day of Christ, that I have not run in vain, neither laboured in vain.

Colossians 2:6 As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him:
7 Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.
8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.

Colossians 2:20 Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances,
21 (Touch not; taste not; handle not;
22 Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men?
23 Which things have indeed a shew of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body: not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh.
3:1 If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God.
2 Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth.

Titus 2:11 For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men,
12 Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world;
13 Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;
14 Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.

James 1:27 Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world.

James 4:4 Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God.

2 Peter 1:2 Grace and peace be multiplied unto you through the knowledge of God, and of Jesus our Lord,
3 According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue:
4 Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust.

2 Peter 2:20 For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they are again entangled therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than the beginning.
21 For it had been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy commandment delivered unto them.
22 But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.

1 John 2:15 Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him.
16 For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world.
17 And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever.

1 John 5:3 For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous.
4 For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith.
5 Who is he that overcometh the world, but he that believeth that Jesus is the Son of God?

1 John 5:18 We know that whosoever is born of God sinneth not; but he that is begotten of God keepeth himself, and that wicked one toucheth him not.
19 And we know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in wickedness.

https://scatattack.wordpress.com/2010/12/11/when-i-woke-up/

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The 6th Hermetic Principle – Cause and Effect

https://scatattack.wordpress.com/2010/12/05/the-6th-hermetic-principle-cause-and-effect/

“Every Cause has its Effect; every Effect has its Cause; everything happens according to Law; Chance is but a name for Law not recognized; there are many planes of causation, but nothing escapes the Law’  – The Kybalion

‘This Principle embodies the fact that there is a Cause for every Effect; an Effect from every Cause. It explains that: ‘Everything happens according to Law’; that nothing ever ‘merely happens’; that there is no such thing as Chance; that while there are various planes of Cause and Effect, the higher dominating the lower planes, still nothing ever entirely escapes the Law. The Hermetists understand the art and methods of rising above the ordinary plane of Cause and Effect, to a certain degree, and by mentally rising to a higher plane they become Causers instead of Effects. The masses of people are carried along, obedient to environment; the wills and desires of others stronger than themselves; heredity; suggestion; and other outward causes moving them about like pawns on the Chessboard of Life. But the Masters, rising to the plane above, dominate their moods, characters, qualities, and powers, as well as the environment surrounding them, and become Movers instead of pawns. They help to PLAY THE GAME OF LIFE, instead of being played and moved about by other wills and environment. They USE the Principle instead of being its tools. The Masters obey the Causation of the higher planes, but they help to RULE on their own plane. In this statement there is condensed a wealth of Hermetic knowledge – let him read who can.”

– Dr. Jane Ma’ati Smith, The Emerald Tablet of Hermes and The Kybalion

This is one small part of the teachings of the Mystery Schools of Babylon. Think about what was written in that passage from Dr. Smith’s book. It explains A LOT about how the world we live in today is still governed in the same manner that it was thousands of years ago and yet the majority of the people living today are ‘none the wiser’ to the fact.

“The world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes.” – Benjamin Disraeli

Five Friends and Mystery Babylon

https://scatattack.wordpress.com/2010/08/20/five-friends-and-mystery-babylon/

In Freemasonry there is a circle of five friends. Italy, France, Germany, England, and America are the five circles of friends. These five friends are referred to as the Olympiads. That’s why the Olympiad Organization’s symbol is five circles, the five masonic circles of friends.

The Olympic torch, is the torch of Prometheus, the God who stole fire for the service of man. In New York in front of Rockefeller Plaza you will see the statue of Prometheus, holding in his hand a flame. The same flame that the US dime has, the same flame that the Statue of Liberty has. In fact, the Statue of Liberty doesn’t represent liberty at all. It is actually a statue of the Elites goddess Semiramis,(who is standing above a sun if looked at from above) from their ancient mystery Babylonian religion. The Statue of Liberty was a gift from French Freemason’s and an exact replica of the statue can be found in France. The torch and flame is also used in many corporate logo’s like Amoco Oil for example.

The liberty bell, another supposed symbol of liberty, is in actuality a symbol of the Brotherhood of the Bell. Bell, being Bel, an ancient God in their mystery Babylonian religion, who today we call Beelzebub or Yahweh.

Where in the World Is Julian Assange?
https://scatattack.wordpress.com/2010/12/01/where-in-the-world-is-julian-assange/

(Nov. 30) — Seemingly everyone wants a piece of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange this week, with Interpol, Sweden, the United States, Australia, Sarah Palin, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Bill O’Reilly joining the posse.

Palin says he should be hunted down “like al-Qaida.” O’Reilly calls him a “sleazebag.” Government officials want him tried for espionage, and Interpol is after him for alleged sex crimes. Others want him banned from the Internet.

Good luck with all of that. The 39-year-old recluse and self-described misfit — whose latest secret-documents dump comprises more than 250,000 diplomatic memos — has been on the lam for months.

Amid an escalating series of controversies, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange has been laying low recently and was last known to be in London.

So where is he? This month he’s apparently been in London, where he gave an interview to Forbes magazine, posted online this week after the chat was recorded at an undisclosed London apartment. The Australian native has cut and dyed his hair again to avoid detection, and promised that his site’s rage-inspiring and ongoing upload of U.S. State Department documents was only the beginning — of his latest controversy.

Up next is the disclosure of thousands of damning internal documents showing corruption by a major American bank, he told Forbes. But Assange won’t say which bank or give specifics of what it did wrong. That’s not unusual for a man who is both revered and reviled.

Assange has been laying low for several weeks now, staying with friends, using credit cards owned by others or paying in cash, canceling public appearances at the last minute or sending others in his stead. He is dogged by rape allegations in Sweden and is now under investigation by the U.S. Justice Department and his native Australia.

On Monday, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said Assange was under criminal investigation by federal agents. “This is not saber-rattling,” he told reporters at a news conference, The Associated Press reported. Saying the Obama administration condemns the publication of classified State Department documents, Holder said the posts endangered national security and the safety of diplomats abroad.

Secretary of State Clinton said much the same. “Some mistakenly applaud those responsible,” Clinton said in Washington this week. “There is nothing laudable about endangering innocent people.”

Not true, Assange shot back in a series of e-mails to ABC News from a clandestine hideout. “U.S. officials have for 50 years trotted out this line when they are afraid the public is going to see how they really behave,” he wrote. (EXACTLY!!!!!)

Apparently, only one country welcomes him — Ecuador, which offered him residency, Reuters reported today. The South American country is highly critical of U.S. doctrines and policies.

Earlier this month, Sweden issued an international sex crimes warrant against Assange in connection with two incidents in which women claimed rape and molestation. Assange said both interludes were consensual sex. This week, he was placed on Interpol’s wanted list, according the agency’s website.

Assange fled to Sweden in August, seeking protection for WikiLeaks under the country’s whistle-blowing laws after he posted nearly 400,000 classified documents pertaining to the Iraq war. Weeks before, he had posted some 77,000 classified Pentagon documents on the Afghan conflict.

Then the rape allegations surfaced, and Assange was on the run again.

In October, he sat for an interview in London with The New York Times, sporting a beanie cap and a wispy beard and speaking just above a whisper lest he be overheard. The former computer hacker said, essentially, that he was doing the Lord’s work in publishing leaked secret and classified documents.

“By being determined to be on this path, and not to compromise, I’ve wound up in an extraordinary situation,” he said

SOURCE: http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/where-in-the-world-is-wikileaks-founder-julian-assange/19738196?icid=maing|main5|1|link3|28669

GLEN KEALEY INTERVIEW WITH DESERT OWL PT.1

Jerd Guillaume-Sam

Published on Mar 5, 2009 

 FREEMASONRY HAS HAD MANY NAMES~!

ALTHOUGH FREEMASONRY HAS USED MANY THOUSANDS OF NAMES OVER NUMEROUS CENTURIES AN EASILY DEFINABLE COMMON THREAD LINKS THEM ALL TO~GET~HER! Freemasonry is "a war to the death against thinking women and those men who support them", which is being fought covertly by the descendants of the first Pedophile Predator Priests from the "Land of Punt", who were banned from participation in the affairs of Matrial Clan Society, some 60,000 years ago. Since then, they have by means of a step-by-step conspiracy, lied about world history, divided humans in order to conquer and destroyed the credibility of women as long range nurturers and planners; convinced some braindead men that they should themselves lead a new patriarchal elitist system (based on the works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle), while in fact taking over the management of world affairs themselves under the cover of secret societies governed at the top, symbolically, by "men who wear dresses in public" (ie: Kings, Politicians, Priests, Judges, Lawyers, Doctors, Scientists, Arab Emirs, Scots and selected University Professors and Graduates ~ MBA, PHD and LLD). These Priest-Hoods have destroyed the paradise that was here long ago and now infest our word boxes with their confusing variety of languages (6000) and criminal financial system that rewards thieves and idiots. Isn't it time that we woke-up to these little known facts and respond appropriately.

GLEN KEALEY INTERVIEW WITH DESERT OWL PT 2

From Here 2 Eternity~! Life begins Green, at 40. Power is Red, at 55. Putrification is Yellow, at 70. Wait until you're 81 and then you will be replaced by 99. The Philosopher's Stone and the Holy Graal came to us from the Pyrenees, from those who have "seen fire". These would be the Benedictines and their cut-outs the Cistercians and Cluniacs. They are responsible for your "voice box invasion". They created all modern languages beginning with Horite Abyssinian which is now called Basque/Vasco. Everytime you o~pen your mouth to speak, or move your hand to write, you unknowingly "will~their~will"! Low Priests are Pedophiles while High Priests are on MUSHROOMS. In reality Masonry began in 58800BC with the eviction of "Pedophiles" from Matriarchal Clan Society. These predators established the first "Priest~hood" and declared their eviction "the Original Sin". The Priests vowed revenge against women and original peoples. By the end of the last Ice Age they were ready to put their plan for a New World Order, a Patriarchal Society, to work. This is when they "Freed" a large number of Genetically Modified Masons (Caucasians) to work on Human Engineering; thereby fabricating FREE~MASONRY! Today we are at the End Times of this plan-ET called 8.0 and await the "RISING" of UBERMENSCH, Beyondman, Overman or Superman, whatever ONE (UN in French) wishes to call the cloned HERMAPHRODITE they have now fabricated to take us forward from here into eternity. Freemasonry was re-organized in the 12th century, in order to complete the take-over of Europe by the Priest~Hoods, and then, to establish a base in North America (the monk Serra in CaliPHornia). Shriner Pilgrims were then mandated to locate 13 colonies on the east coast which would forever be controlled through French priests, in Quebec Canada and Basque priests, in Mexico. The American priests located in Boston while the hoods set up in Nevada. They all swear their vows of allegiance to the "Cult of the Virgin"; UBERMENSCH, the male Hermaphrodite.  

GLEN KEALEY INTERVIEW WITH DESERT OWL PT.3

Jerd Guillaume-Sam

Published on Mar 8, 2009How do they do it~! How does Freemasonry brainwash human beings and turn them into sheep-people. First, at the head of the parade, they place their Talking Mules in the media who preach the benefits of faith and politics. Then, at the back of the herd, they position their Trojan Horses, in the Lodge, Unions and on the Net. The Talking Mules then BRAY their guilt-trip out loud; "Hee~Haw, follow the Yaw~Way of LOVE". The sheep-people then move out to-get-her, like lemmings on the way to the edge of a precipice, slaves who do their own shopping, on the way to their own crucifixion. The SculPTor  

GLEN KEALEY INTERVIEW WITH DESERT OWL PT.4

Jerd Guillaume-Sam

Published on Mar 15, 2009 

 EQUILIBRIUM~!

Freemasonry's symbols suggest that humanity needs to be shape-shifted to "bee" in order to achieve EQUILIBRIUM. A "bee" is also called a ring. The Lord of the Rings is the Queen Bee. In a beehive, genders are not required except for procreation. Freemasonry believes this matter can be best handled by a single gender now known to philosophers as Ubermensch, Beyondman or Superman. "IT" is a Hermaphrodite. Secret Coding hidden in Language is the way they currently implement this plan. Faith based Organized Religion is their proof of its success. When all the kinks have finally been worked out through testing on their Guinea Pigs, presently known as the Human Race, humans will be destroyed and replaced with Beyondman. At that time the Black Capstone will be retrieved and flown from the Kaaba at Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, and deposited on top of the Great White Pyramid, at Giza in Egypt. The plan is an 8000 year criminal conspiracy, a Zoro-Astrian / Zoro-Babel Cabal known to some as the "Gulf of Aqaba Kabala" which is approaching its ultimate conclusion. The signs are all around. Thus Spake Zarathustra~!

GLEN KEALEY INTERVIEW WITH DESERT OWL PT.5

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQ4YQ1sZEFQ

Jerd Guillaume-Sam

Published on Mar 16, 2009 

You can only RE~SEARCH : while ancient Troglodytes did the original SEARCH ! He guided the Greeks on their expeditions to the East. He secretly guides Western Freemasonry. Today, He is the priest, their Unknown Superior (Jaques~Basque). This is how ancient subterranean Troglodyte Priests described themselves to outsiders in 1894. It is a step-by-step explanation given only to selected Masons within a context premised by Zoro-Astrian Freemasonry's "business plan" (they call it prophecies) which, at that time, urgently required a quantum leap in scientific discovery if they were to ‹learn to flyŠ and remain on schedule for their planned "End of the Earth" rendez-vous (before the year 2059). "He was verily a wonderful being; an eyeless creature (metaphorically speaking), and yet possessed of sight and perception beyond that of mortal man; a creature who had been locked in the earth, and yet was more familiar with its surface than a philosopher; a cavern-bred monstrosity, and yet possessed of the mind of a sage; he was a scientific expert, a naturalist, a metaphysical reasoner, a critic of religion, and a prophet. He could see in absolute darkness as well as in daylight; without a compass he could guide a boat over a trackless sea, and could accomplish feats that throw Gulliver and Munchausen into disrepute." Troglodytes "predict" the future by means of their first-hand knowledge of the most ancient past and of what they are about to orchestrate. It‰s no miracle. I do not remember to have said that they were cavern-bred; they did. Did I say they were always cavern beings? Did I assert that they had never lived among us mortals of upper surface earth? Do you only believe only what you see, or believe that all what others can do, you can do also? If so, then please, let me see you kiss your elbow. Once you dare relate ultimate reality others will call you mad, and the more clearly you attempt to explain the facts that you have witnessed, the less they will listen to you; such has been the fate of others when confronting the BRAINDEAD. Freemasons such as Jim and Brother Steve are programmed to play upon this fact. Forgive them ~ they know not what they do. The price of being truthful is that twenty people will reject your views for everyone that considers them as being possible or even plausible. Therefore, before you speak you must first learn to live with rejection. IÖAMÖTHEÖMANÖWHOÖDIDÖIT The SculPTor (who comes in on their ass) 

Jerd Guillaume-Sam

Published on Mar 20, 2009

Enough Blame 2 Go Around~! The people are broken. Priests abuse sexually, Lawyers abuse mentally, Doctors abuse physically and Politicians abuse financially. Bureaucrats are the enablers while Police are the enforcers. Is it any wonder why the people are broken? 

GLEN KEALEY INTERVIEW WITH DESERT OWL PT.6

Enough Blame 2 Go Around~! The people are broken.

Priests abuse sexually,  Lawyers abuse mentally,  Doctors abuse physically and Politicians abuse financially.

Bureaucrats are the enablers while Police are the enforcers. Is it any wonder why the people are broken?

Glen Kealey - On the Farm

Glen Kealey - On the farm - Part 1/5

Jerd Guillaume-Sam

Published on Oct 28, 2012
THINK the next time you shout ~I AM FREE~!  
All people are Free. Braindead Slaves cost their controllers absolutely nothing and they do their own shopping. The SculPTor  

Join Glen Kealey on his farm - addendum to Workshop  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrdGxU4yBaQ

Glen Kealey - On the farm - Part 3/5

NeoAndDanTaller

Published on May 13, 2009

SUBSCRIBE 98

join Glen on his farm - addendum to Workshop

History of genetic engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetic_engineering

Genetic recombination caused by human activity has been occurring since around 12,000 BC, when humans first began to domesticateorganisms. Genetic engineering as the direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another was first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1972. It was the result of a series of advancements in techniques that allowed the direct modification of the genome. Important advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligases, the ability to design plasmids and technologies like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Transformation of the DNA into a host organism was accomplished with the invention of biolistics, Agrobacterium-mediated recombination and microinjection.

The first genetically modified animal was a mouse created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch. In 1976 the technology was commercialised, with the advent of genetically modified bacteria that produced somatostatin, followed by insulin in 1978. In 1983 an antibiotic resistant gene was inserted into tobacco, leading to the first genetically engineered plant. Advances followed that allowed scientists to manipulate and add genes to a variety of different organisms and induce a range of different effects. Plants were first commercialized with virus resistant tobacco released in China in 1992. The first genetically modified food was the Flavr Savr tomato marketed in 1994. By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops. In 2000 a paper published in Science introduced golden rice, the first food developed with increased nutrient value.

Agriculture

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using certain biotechnology techniques that have only existed since the 1970s.  Human directed genetic manipulation was occurring much earlier, beginning with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection. The dog is believed to be the first animal domesticated, possibly arising from a common ancestor of the grey wolf,  with archeological evidence dating to about 12,000 BC. Other carnivores domesticated in prehistoric times include the cat, which cohabited with human 9,500 years ago. Archeological evidence suggests sheep, cattle, pigs and goats were domesticated between 9 000 BC and 8 000 BC in the Fertile Crescent.

The first evidence of plant domestication comes from emmer and einkorn wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic A villages in Southwest Asia dated about 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. The eight Neolithic founder crops (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax) had all appeared by about 7000 BC. Horticulture first appears in the Levant during the Chalcolithic period about 6 800 to 6,300 BC.[9] Due to the soft tissues, archeological evidence for early vegetables is scarce. The earliest vegetable remains have been found in Egyptian caves that date back to the 2nd millennium BC.

Selective breeding of domesticated plants was once the main way early farmers shaped organisms to suit their needs. Charles Darwin described three types of selection: methodical selection, wherein humans deliberately select for particular characteristics; unconscious selection, wherein a characteristic is selected simply because it is desirable; and natural selection, wherein a trait that helps an organism survive better is passed on. :25 Early breeding relied on unconscious and natural selection. The introduction of methodical selection is unknown.:25 Common characteristics that were bred into domesticated plants include grains that did not shatter to allow easier harvesting, uniform ripening, shorter lifespans that translate to faster growing, loss of toxic compounds, and productivity.:27–30 Some plants, like the Banana, were able to be propagated by vegetative cloning. Offspring often did not contain seeds, and therefore sterile. However, these offspring were usually juicier and larger. Propagation through cloning allows these mutant varieties to be cultivated despite their lack of seeds.

Hybridization was another way that rapid changes in plant's makeup were introduced. It often increased vigor in plants, and combined desirable traits together. Hybridization most likely first occurred when humans first grew similar, yet slightly different plants in close proximity.[11]:32 Triticum aestivum, wheat used in baking bread, is an allopolyploid. Its creation is the result of two separate hybridization events.[12]

Grafting can transfer chloroplasts (specialised DNA in plants that can conduct photosynthesis), mitichondrial DNA and the entire cell nucleus containing the genome to potentially make a new species making grafting a form of natural genetic engineering.

X-rays were first used to deliberately mutate plants in 1927. Between 1927 and 2007, more than 2,540 genetically mutated plant varieties had been produced using x-rays.

Genetics

Various genetic discoveries have been essential in the development of genetic engineering. Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas. Although largely ignored for 34 years he provided the first evidence of hereditary segregation and independent assortment. In 1889 Hugo de Vries came up with the name "(pan)gene" after postulating that particles are responsible for inheritance of characteristics[16] and the term "genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905. In 1928 Frederick Griffith proved the existence of a "transforming principle" involved in inheritance, which Avery, MacLeod and McCarty later (1944) identified as DNA. Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadledeveloped the central dogma that genes code for proteins in 1941. The double helix structure of DNA was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

As well as discovering how DNA works, tools had to be developed that allowed it to be manipulated. In 1970 Hamilton Smith's lab discovered restriction enzymes that allowed DNA to be cut at specific places and separated out on an electrophoresis gel. This enabled scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome.[18] DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967 and by combining the two enzymes it was possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids, discovered in 1952,  became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences. Frederick Sanger developed a method for sequencing DNA in 1977, greatly increasing the genetic information available to researchers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified and aided identification and isolation of genetic material.

As well as manipulating the DNA, techniques had to be developed for its insertion (known as transformation) into an organism's genome. Griffiths experiment had already shown that some bacteria had the ability to naturally take up and express foreign DNA. Artificial competence was induced in Escherichia coli in 1970 when Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa showed that it could take up bacteriophage λ after treatment with calcium chloride solution (CaCl₂).Two years later, Stanley Cohen showed that CaCl₂ treatment was also effective for uptake of plasmid DNA. Transformation using electroporation was developed in the late 1980s, increasing the efficiency and bacterial range.  In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.

Early genetically modified organisms

n 1972 Paul Berg used restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to create the first recombinant DNA molecules. He combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus.  Herbert Boyer and Stanley Norman Cohen took Berg's work a step further and introduced recombinant DNA into a bacterial cell. Cohen was researching plasmids, while Boyers work involved restriction enzymes. They recognised the complementary nature of their work and teamed up in 1972. Together they found a restriction enzyme that cut the pSC101 plasmid at a single point and were able to insert and ligate a gene that conferred resistance to the kanamycin antibiotic into the gap. Cohen had previously devised a method where bacteria could be induced to take up a plasmid and using this they were able to create a bacteria that survived in the presence of the kanamycin. This represented the first genetically modified organism. They repeated experiments showing that other genes could be expressed in bacteria, including one from the toad Xenopus laevis, the first cross kingdom transformation.

In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world’s first transgenic animal.  Jaenisch was studying mammalian cells infected with simian virus 40 (SV40) when he happened to read a paper from Beatrice Mintz describing the generation of chimera mice. He took his SV40 samples to Mintz's lab and injected them into early mouse embryos expecting tumours to develop. The mice appeared normal, but after using radioactive probes he discovered that the virus had integrated itself into the mice genome. However the mice did not pass the transgene to their offspring. In 1981 the laboratories of Frank Ruddle, Frank Constantini and Elizabeth Lacy injected purified DNA into a single-cell mouse embryo and showed transmission of the genetic material to subsequent generations.

The first genetically engineered plant was tobacco, reported in 1983.[35] It was developed by Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell and Mary-Dell Chilton by creating a chimeric gene that joined an antibiotic resistant gene to the T1 plasmid from Agrobacterium. The tobacco was infected with Agrobacterium transformed with this plasmid resulting in the chimeric gene being inserted into the plant. Through tissue culture techniques a single tobacco cell was selected that contained the gene and a new plant grown from it.

Regulation

The development of genetic engineering technology led to concerns in the scientific community about potential risks. The development of a regulatory framework concerning genetic engineering began in 1975, at Asilomar, California. The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of guidelines regarding the cautious use of recombinant technology and any products resulting from that technology. The Asilomar recommendations were voluntary, but in 1976 the US National Institute of Health (NIH) formed a recombinant DNA advisory committee. This was followed by other regulatory offices (the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA), effectively making all recombinant DNA research tightly regulated in the USA.

In 1982 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released a report into the potential hazards of releasing genetically modified organisms into the environment as the first transgenic plants were being developed.  As the technology improved and genetically organisms moved from model organisms to potential commercial products the USA established a committee at the Office of Science and Technology (OSTP) to develop mechanisms to regulate the developing technology. In 1986 the OSTP assigned regulatory approval of genetically modified plants in the US to the USDA, FDA and EPA.[41] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, guidance on assessing the safety of genetically engineered plants and food emerged from organizations including the FAO and WHO.

The European Union first introduced laws requiring GMO's to be labelled in 1997. In 2013 Connecticut became the first state to enact a labeling law in the USA, although it would not take effect until other states followed suit

Research and medicine
The ability to insert, alter or remove genes in model organisms allowed scientists to study the genetic elements of human diseases. Genetically modified mice were created in 1984 that carried cloned oncogenes that predisposed them to developing cancer.  The technology has also been used to generate mice with genes knocked out. The first recorded knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies in 1989. In 1992 oncomice with tumor suppressor genes knocked out were generated.  Creating Knockout rats is much harder and only became possible in 2003. 

After the discovery of microRNA in 1993,  RNA interference (RNAi) has been used to silence an organism's genes.  By modifying an organism to express microRNA targeted to its endogenous genes, researchers have been able to knockout or partially reduce gene function in a range of species. The ability to partially reduce gene function has allowed the study of genes that are lethal when completely knocked out. Other advantages of using RNAi include the availability of inducible and tissue specific knockout.  In 2007 microRNA targeted to insect and nematode genes was expressed in plants, leading to suppression when they fed on the transgenic plant, potentially creating a new way to control pests. Targeting endogenous microRNA expression has allowed further fine tuning of gene expression, supplementing the more traditional gene knock out approach.

Genetic engineering has been used to produce proteins derived from humans and other sources in organisms that normally cannot synthesize these proteins. Human insulin-synthesising bacteria were developed in 1979 and were first used as a treatment in 1982. In 1988 the first human antibodies were produced in plants.  In 2000 Vitamin A-enriched golden rice, was the first food with increased nutrient value

Further advances

As not all plant cells were susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens other methods were developed, including electroporation, micro-injection  and particle bombardment with a gene gun (invented in 1987). In the 1980s techniques were developed to introduce isolated chloroplasts back into a plant cell that had its cell wall removed. With the introduction of the gene gun in 1987 it became possible to integrate foreign genes into a chloroplast.

Genetic transformation has become very efficient in some model organisms. In 2008 genetically modified seeds were produced in Arabidopsis thaliana by simply dipping the flowers in an Agrobacterium solution. The range of plants that can be transformed has increased as tissue culture techniques have been developed for different species.

The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985, by micro-injecting foreign DNA into rabbit, sheep and pig eggs. The first animal to synthesise transgenic proteins in their milk were mice, engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator. This technology was applied to sheep, pigs, cows and other livestock. 

In 2010 scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had created the first synthetic bacterial genome. The researchers added the new genome to bacterial cells and selected for cells that contained the new genome. To do this the cells undergoes a process called resolution, where during bacterial cell division one new cell receives the original DNA genome of the bacteria, whilst the other receives the new synthetic genome. When this cell replicates it uses the synthetic genome as its template. The resulting bacterium the researchers developed, named Synthia, was the world's first synthetic life form.

In 2014 a bacteria was developed that replicated a plasmid containing an unnatural base pair. This required altering the bacterium so it could import the unnatural nucleotides and then efficiently replicate them. The plasmid retained the unnatural base pairs when it doubled an estimated 99.4% of the time. This is the first organism engineered to use an expanded genetic alphabet. 

In 2015 CRISPR and TALENs was used to modify plant genomes. Chinese labs used it to create a fungus-resistant wheat and boost rice yields, while a U.K. group used it to tweak a barley gene that could help produce drought-resistant varieties. When used to precisely remove material from DNA without adding genes from other species, the result is not subject the lengthy and expensive regulatory process associated with GMOs. While CRISPR may use foreign DNA to aid the editing process, the second generation of edited plants contain none of that DNA. Researchers celebrated the acceleration because it may allow them to "keep up" with rapidly evolving pathogens. The U.S. Department of Agriculture stated that some examples of gene-edited corn, potatoes and soybeans are not subject to existing regulations. As of 2016 other review bodies had yet to make statements.

Commercialisation

In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli. Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978.  In 1980 the U.S. Supreme Court in the Diamond v. Chakrabarty case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented.  The insulin produced by bacteria, branded humulin, was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982. 

In 1983 a biotech company, Advanced Genetic Sciences (AGS) applied for U.S. government authorization to perform field tests with the ice-minus strain of P. syringae to protect crops from frost, but environmental groups and protestors delayed the field tests for four years with legal challenges. In 1987 the ice-minus strain of P. syringae became the first genetically modified organism (GMO) to be released into the environment  when a strawberry field and a potato field in California were sprayed with it. Both test fields were attacked by activist groups the night before the tests occurred: "The world's first trial site attracted the world's first field trasher". 

The first genetically modified crop plant was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the USA in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides. In 1987 Plant Genetic Systems, founded by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell, was the first company to genetically engineer insect-resistant plants by incorporating genes that produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into tobacco.

Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US Food and Drug Administration. In the early 1990s, recombinant chymosin was approved for use in several countries.[83][84] Cheese had typically been made using the enzyme complex rennet that had been extracted from cows' stomach lining. Scientists modified bacteria to produce chymosin, which was also able to clot milk, resulting in cheese curds. The People’s Republic of China was the first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992.  

In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato, a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life. Also in 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first genetically engineered crop commercialized in Europe.  In 1995 Bt Potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having been approved by the FDA, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the USA.  In 1996 a total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop (carnation), with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU.

By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported.  In 2013 Robert Fraley (Monsanto’s executive vice president and chief technology officer), Marc Van Montagu and Mary-Dell Chilton were awarded the World Food Prize for improving the "quality, quantity or availability" of food in the world.

The first genetically modified animal to be commercialised was the GloFish, a Zebra fish with a fluorescent gene added that allows it to glow in the dark under ultraviolet light. The first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.  The salmon were transformed with a growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter from an ocean pout enabling it to grow year-round instead of only during spring and summer.

Opposition

Opposition and support for the use of genetic engineering has existed since the technology was developed.  After Arpad Pusztai went public with research he was conducting in 1998 the public opposition to genetically modified food increased.  Opposition continued following controversial and publicly debated papers published in 1999 and 2013 that claimed negative environmental and health impacts from genetically modified crops

First modern Britons had 'dark to black' skin, Cheddar Man DNA analysis reveals

The genome of Cheddar Man, who lived 10,000 years ago, suggests that he had blue eyes, dark skin and dark curly hair

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/07/first-modern-britons-dark-black-skin-cheddar-man-dna-analysis-reveals

 A forensic reconstruction of Cheddar Man’s head, based on the new DNA evidence and his fossilised skeleton. Photograph: Channel 4

The first modern Britons, who lived about 10,000 years ago, had “dark to black” skin, a groundbreaking DNA analysis of Britain’s oldest complete skeleton has revealed.

The fossil, known as Cheddar Man, was unearthed more than a century ago in Gough’s Cave in Somerset. Intense speculation has built up around Cheddar Man’s origins and appearance because he lived shortly after the first settlers crossed from continental Europe to Britain at the end of the last ice age. People of white British ancestry alive today are descendants of this population.

It was initially assumed that Cheddar Man had pale skin and fair hair, but his DNA paints a different picture, strongly suggesting he had blue eyes, a very dark brown to black complexion and dark curly hair.

The discovery shows that the genes for lighter skin became widespread in European populations far later than originally thought – and that skin colour was not always a proxy for geographic origin in the way it is often seen to be today.

Tom Booth, an archaeologist at the Natural History Museum who worked on the project, said: “It really shows up that these imaginary racial categories that we have are really very modern constructions, or very recent constructions, that really are not applicable to the past at all.”

Yoan Diekmann, a computational biologist at University College London and another member of the project’s team, agreed, saying the connection often drawn between Britishness and whiteness was “not an immutable truth. It has always changed and will change”.

The findings were revealed ahead of a Channel 4 documentary, which tracked the ancient DNA project at the Natural History Museum in London as well as creating a new forensic reconstruction of Cheddar Man’s head.

To perform the DNA analysis, museum scientists drilled a 2mm-diameter hole into the ancient skull to obtain a few milligrams of bone powder. From this, they were able to extract a full genome, which held clues about this ancient relative’s appearance and lifestyle.

The results pointed to a Middle Eastern origin for Cheddar Man, suggesting that his ancestors would have left Africa, moved into the Middle East and later headed west into Europe, before eventually crossing the ancient land bridge called Doggerland which connected Britain to continental Europe. Today, about 10% of white British ancestry can be linked to this ancient population.

The analysis also ruled out an ancestral link with individuals inhabiting Gough’s Cave 5,000 years earlier, who appear to have performed grisly cannibalistic rituals, including gnawing on human toes and fingers – possibly after boiling them – and drinking from polished skull cups.

Britain was periodically settled and then cleared during ice ages until the end of the last glacial period about 11,700 years ago, since when it has been continuously inhabited.

Until now, though, it hasn’t been clear whether each wave of migrants was seeded from the same population in mainland Europe; the latest results suggest this was not the case.

The team homed in on genes known to be linked to skin colour, hair colour and texture, and eye colour. For skin tone, there are a handful of genetic variants linked to reduced pigmentation, including some that are very widespread in European populations today. However, Cheddar Man had “ancestral” versions of all these genes, strongly suggesting he would have had “dark to black” skin tone, but combined with blue eyes.

Scientists believe that populations living in Europe became lighter-skinned over time because pale skin absorbs more sunlight, which is required to produce enough vitamin D. The latest findings suggest pale skin may have emerged later, possibly when the advent of farming meant people were obtaining less vitamin D though dietary sources like oily fish.

Cheddar Man would have lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, making sharp blades from flints for butchering animals, using antlers to whittle harpoons for spear fishing and carving bows and arrows.

First Brit: Secrets of the 10,000 Year Old Man will air on Channel 4 on 18 February

850,000-year-old human footprints found in Norfolk | Science | The Guardian

Happisburgh prints believed to have been left by small group of adults and children are the oldest discovered outside Africa

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/feb/07/oldest-human-footprints-happisburgh-norfolk

 Footprint hollows on the beach at Happisburgh, Norfolk. Photograph: Martin Bates

The oldest human footprints found outside Africa, dated at between 850,000 and 950,000 years old, have been discovered on the storm-lashed beach at Happisburgh in Norfolk, one of the fastest-eroding stretches of the British coast. Within a fortnight, the sea tides that had exposed the prints last May destroyed them, leaving only casts and 3D images made through photogrammetry (stitching together hundreds of photographs) as evidence that a little group from a long-extinct early human species had passed that way.

They walked through a startlingly different landscape from today's, along the estuary of what may have been the original course of the Thames, through a river valley grazed by mammoths, hippos and rhinoceros. The pattern of the prints suggests at least five individuals heading southward, pausing and pottering about to gather plants or shellfish along the bank. They included children. The best preserved prints, clearly showing heel, arch and four toes – one toe may not have left a clear impression – is of a man with a foot equivalent to a modern size 8 shoe, suggesting a height of about 1.7 metres.

"This is an extraordinarily rare discovery," said Nick Ashton, a scientist at the British Museum, where the find was announced. "The Happisburgh site continues to rewrite our understanding of the early human occupation of Britain and indeed of Europe."

Although far older footprints have been found in Africa, the prints are more than twice the age of the previous oldest in Europe, from southern Italy and dated to around 345,000 years.

The Norfolk footprints are the first direct evidence of people at the most northerly edge of habitation in Europe, otherwise known only from fossilised animal bones and flint implements from a site nearby. The scientists worked flat out in the few hours between tides, sponging away seawater and brushing off sand, to record the prints. They were dated from the overlying sedimentary layers and glacial deposits, and the fossil remains of extinct animals – identified by Simon Parfitt, of the Natural History Museum, as including mammoth, an extinct type of horse and an early form of vole.

No human fossils have been found but the scientists from national museums and universities, who have been working at Happisburgh for a decade, believe they must be there and that there is a good chance more footprints will be exposed in a coastline crumbling on every tide – there has been 30 metres of erosion at the site since the find. Local people keep a near daily watch on the beach and phone the scientists if they spot anything interesting.

"It's a needle in a haystack," said Prof Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum (NHM), a world authority on early humans. "There is the tiny chance of being in the right place at the right time, and recognising what you're seeing – if it's a bit of human rib going out on the tide, you might miss it completely."

 Footprints from Area A at Happisburgh, Norfolk. Photograph: Happisburgh Project

The climate then was close to that of modern Scandinavia, with warm summers and very cold winters, when the group walked across the wet mud. With the river, plain and brackish pools there was abundant food including prey animals, shellfish and edible plants. However, very soon in geological terms, perhaps within 50,000 years, the weather got much worse and the humans retreated back across the landbridge to the continent and further south.

Stringer says confirmation will have to wait for fossil finds, but he believes the Norfolk hominids were related to people from Atapuerca in Spain described as Homo antecessor, pioneer man. He believes they became extinct in Europe, perhaps replaced by another early human species, Homo heidelbergensis, then by Neanderthals from around 400,000 years ago and finally by modern humans. Life was not always a stroll across a beach: the Spanish human fossils show the same cut marks as the animal bones, evidence of cannibalism.

The Happisburgh find features in an NHM exhibition opening next week, Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story.

Old footprints

• The Laetoli Trail left by two or possibly three human ancestors – probably Australopithecus afarensis – who walked across wet volcanic ash in Tanzania, has been dated at 3.6m years. Recent analysis suggests they walked with a gait like modern humans.

• Two sets of footprints found in 2009 near Ileret in Kenya, showing an arched foot, short toes, and a parallel big toe – described by scientists as "an essentially modern foot function" – were dated to 1.5m years.

• The previous oldest find from Europe, the three sets of tracks probably of Homo heidelbergensis, left in the volcanic ash of Roccamonfina in southern Italy, now hardened into rock and so known locally as "the devils' trails", are dated to between 325,000 and 385,000 years. A handprint suggests one of the walkers overbalanced on the rough terrain.

• The earliest footprints in Australia, at least 450 prints in 22 tracks of adults and children, left in hardened silty clay at Willandra Lakes in New South Wales – identified by scientists in 2003 though local people said they already knew of them – have been dated to some 20,000 years ago.

• The oldest footprints in North America were found by road builders in the Chihuanan desert in Mexico in 1961, and were recently dated at 10,550 years old. Scientists found more tracks in the area in 2006, which have been dated at 7,250 years.

Evidence, by its very nature, can be controverted.

Assanation  fo JFK The State of the Evidence, The Evidence of the State  by Edward Jay Epstein
http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/state.htm

Evidence, by its very nature, can be controverted. If it could not be, it would not be evidence but an act of faith. Any document can be a forgery, any witness can give false testimony, and any object can be either fabricated or misidentified. Nevertheless, some evidence is better than other evidence. And when the best evidence is examined, tested and placed in the proper context, it provides the best way we have to establish the facts.

In the case of the assassination of President Kennedy, the central facts have been investigated and re-investigated for nearly three decades. The evidence-testers have included the FBI, the Treasury Department, the Warren Commission, the Rockefeller Commission, the House Select Committee on Assassination, the Department of Justice, independent coroners and forensic experts, and assassination researchers. Consider, for example, the much disputed autopsy findings of President Kennedy.

Although the autopsy examination itself was badly handled by the Navy, and insufficiently probed by the Warren Commission, many of the problems were resolved the re-examination of the X-rays and photographs of the President's body by the panel of nine independent pathologists (including one Warren Commission critic) appointed by the House Select Committee. These findings, not those in the Warren Commission (or my criticisms of the original process in Inquest) constitute the best evidence.Since as imperfect as the process has been, it has resulted in filling in much of the reality of what happened on November 22nd, 1963. I believe that the seven following questions now can be answered-- or at least narrowed down to finite possibilities.

1.Where did the bullets come from that hit President Kennedy and Governor Connally?The best available evidence on the nature of the discernible wounds inflicted on Kennedy is, first, the photographs and X-Rays of the President taken during the autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital and, second, the fibers of the President's clothing.Although the photographs and X-Rays were not examined by the Warren Commission or its staff, leading to considerable doubt as to the validity of the Commission's conclusions, they were subsequently examined ,first, by a panel of three pathologists and a radiologist appointed by Attorney General Ramsey Clark in 1981, and then more thoroughly in 1976 by the nine man panel appointed by the House Select Committee. 

The members of this latter panel had between them experience in performing over 100,000 autopsies.

The House Select Committee, moreover, established the authenticity of these photographs by having forensic dentists compare them with Kennedy's pre-mortem dental records and medical X-rays.All these pathologists agreed, without any dissent, that all the detectable wounds in the photographs and X-rays of President Kennedy had been caused by bullets fired from behind and above him, confirming the conclusions of the doctors who had performed the autopsy itself as well as those of the FBI and the Warren Commission. They also agreed unanimously from a reconstruction of the medical evidence that Governor Connally's multiple wounds had been caused by a bullet fired from the same direction. 

The path of the first bullet to hit the President was further established by the President's shirt and jacket fibers. The FBI analysis, as well as the re-analysis, showed that they were pushed inward, not outward, by the projectile which could only have happened if the President was shot from behind.The path of the bullet that hit Governor Connally was also confirmed by Governor Connally's testimony that he was certain he was hit from behind.

The panel also unanimously concluded from the X-Rays that the fatal bullet had entered the rear of the President's head near the cowlick area and exited from the right front. None of the nine pathologist, including Warren Commission critic Dr. Cyril Wecht, were able to find any medical evidence that this massive wound was caused by a bullet fired from in front or side of the President's car. To be sure, a frame-by-frame analysis of the film of the assassination made by Abraham Zapruder shows President Kennedy's head at the time of impact moving backwards, not forward as might be expected. But this is not the evidence it seems to be because, depending on the neurological reactions to such a wound, the head can snap in any direction after being shot.

Wound ballistic experts demonstrated this counterintuitive point to the House Select Committee through a filmed experiment that clearly showed that, when hit with a rifle bullet from the rear, the head could move either backward or forward. So there is not necessarily a relationship between the direction that the head moves and the direction from which the bullet strikes the head.By tracing the trajectory of the bullets from the path of the wounds, an analyst from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration was able to plot all three shots to their source the upper floors of the southeast face of the Texas Book Depository. This was the same building that five witnesses --Howard Brennan, Amos Lee Euins, Carolyn Walther, Arnold Rowland and Barbara Rowland-- claimed to have seen a rifle protruding from a South-eastern window at about the time of the assassination (Brennan told police he actually saw the rifle being fired and reloaded before the suspect was apprehended). While it is possible that numerous other shots may have been fired from other locations and directions and missed their target, we know from the best evidence, the autopsy photographs, that the shots that caused all the discernible wounds came from the a high window on the south eastern side of the Texas Book Depository.

2. Did the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle found by police on the sixth floor of the Texas Depository fire these shots?

The best evidence for identifying the assassination weapon is the two bullet fragments found in the President's car and the nearly whole bullet found in a stretcher in Parkland Hospital in Dallas. In 1964, FBI experts ballistically matched this bullet and fragments to the rifle barrel of the Mannlicher-Carcano by microscopically comparing of the markings in the barrel with those found on the bullet and fragments.

A firearms panel of independent experts appointed by the House Select Committee re-examined this evidence in 1977 and re-confirmed that the bullet and fragments had come from that Mannlicher Carcano rifle.In addition, the House Select Committee employed a very advanced form of neutron activation analysis to match the recovered bullet and fragments to the ammunition used in the Mannlicher Carcano. In this technique, traces from the ballistic evidence are bombarded by neutrons in a nuclear reactor so that the precise composition of elements-- antimony, silver, and copper-- can be measured by their emissions on a gamma-ray spectrometer to an accuracy of one-billionth of a gram. The composition of traces from the bullet and fragments were thus compared to that of the unfired bullet found in the chamber of the Mannlicher-Carcano and found to exactly match. This analysis convincingly showed that all the ballistic material that was recovered, and could be tested, came from two bullets, and both bullets identically matched in their composition the ammunition for the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle.Although questions can be raised about the general accuracy of the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle found in the depository, there can be no doubt that the particular weapon can be fired with deadly accuracy at a target 100 yards away-- the distance from the depository to the President's car. After the assassination three different FBI agents fired this exact rifle and scored bull's-eyes two out of three times.
Although the suspicion has been raised that the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle was "framed" as the murder weapon by a conspirator who planted the nearly-intact bullet on a stretcher in Parkland Hospital, it lacks any reasonable persuasiveness because

i) the conspirator would have no certainty that he could recover from the hospital, car, autopsy and crime scene the "real" bullets that presumably would not match the Mannlicher-Carcano;

 ii) the fragments found in the car and Governor Connally's wrist match the Mannlicher-Carcano ammunition;

iii) it would be pointless to frame the Mannlicher-Carcano, which the conspirators would have had to have in their possession anyway to leave at the murder site, since it was a weapon perfectly capable of hitting its target. So why not use it?We thus know that the Mannlicher Carcano found in the depository fired at least two of the shots at the President's motorcade.

3. How many snipers fired at the President's motorcade?The best evidence of the sequence of events remains the ten-second long film taken by Zapruder. It fixes the earliest time Kennedy could have been first hit in the back, the latest time Connally was wounded, and the exact moment the President was shot in the head. From an analysis of this film, the Warren Commission staff determined that the interval between the time Kennedy and Connally were first shot was not long enough for a single rifleman to have fired two shots: therefore either both men were hit by the same bullet, or there had to be two riflemen. This conclusion was confirmed by the more sophisticated photographic analysis of the House Select Committee's photographic evidence panel and of independent researchers.Despite the crucial implications of this photographic evidence, the issue of whether Kennedy and Connally were hit by the same or separate bullets has not been satisfactorily resolved. The FBI concluded it was separate shots, the Warren Commission begged the question as "not relevant" and the House Select Committee, which went most thoroughly into this evidence, was unable to reach a definitive conclusion because members of its 9-doctor panel irreconcilably disagreed. Eight doctors believed it was possible, though not necessarily probable. that the bullet recovered had caused both Kennedy's back wound and Connally's, multiple wounds; one doctor, however, Cyril Wecht concluded from the photographic and medical evidence that it was absolutely impossible for those wounds to have been caused by a single bullet. Since Wecht marshals considerable evidence to support his view (as will be recalled from Epilogue I), we are left with two possible scenarios

.A. The Single Bullet ScenarioOne rifleman fired three bullets from the Mannlicher Carcano in the depository. The first bullet missed the motorcade entirely and incidentally wounded a bystander, James Teague. The second bullet hit Kennedy and Connally and was recovered from Connally's stretcher. About three seconds later, the rifleman fired a third bullet which killed Kennedy, abandoned his rifle, and fled the depository.

B. The Separate Shot ScenarioOne rifleman fired the first shot that hit Kennedy in the back from an unidentified rifle. The bullet exited the car and was not recovered.

He then fired a second shot that went astray and nicked bystander Teague.

About one second after the first rifleman fired, a second rifleman, using the Mannlicher Carcano, hit Connally; and, with his second shot, hit Kennedy in the head. While the first rifleman left the depository with his rifle and shell casings, the second rifleman left his behind.Both scenarios are consistent with the testimony of eyewitnesses-- one of whom saw a second person near the sniper's windows-- and the fingerprints found on the boxes arranged at the site.

So we can conclude that either one or two riflemen participated in the assassination and that the one with the Mannlicher Carcano killed Kennedy.

4. Whose Mannlicher-Carcano was it?The best evidence that identifies the ownership of the murder weapon is the handwriting of the person who ordered the rifle under the name "A. Hidell" from a mail order house in Chicago in March 1963 and rented the post office box in Dallas to which it was shipped.It was Lee Harvey Oswald.FBI and Treasury Department experts determined in 1964 that Lee Harvey Oswald had signed the name "A. Hidell" on both the purchase order for the rifle and the post box application. A half dozen other documents found in his possession, that Oswald used the alias "Hidell". The House Select Committee panel of questioned document experts, after re-examining the signatures, unequivocally agreed. So Oswald had ordered the murder weapon-- and it had been shipped to his post office box from Chicago on March 20,1963.PossessionMarina Oswald confirmed that Oswald had received the rifle in late March, and four other witnesses--George De Mohrenschildt, Jeanne De Mohrenschildt, Alexander Taylor and Gary Taylor-- saw that Oswald had a rifle in either late March or Early April.The best evidence of Oswald's actual possession of the Mannlicher- Carcano, however, is the much disputed photographs of Oswald holding the rifle in his hand that Marina Oswald said she took on Sunday, March 31, 1963 in the backyard of their house in Dallas. Oswald claimed after his arrest that the photograph had been faked by superimposing his head on the rifleman's body but this theory is contradicted by three pieces of evidence established by the House Select Committee. First, De Mohrenschildt produced in 1976 an inscribed copy of the backyard photograph which Oswald had given him in April 1963. The Committee's questioned document panel authenticated the signature-- which meant that Oswald had signed (and dated) the photograph he later claimed was faked. Second, by examining the negative with enhanced analytic techniques, the Committee' panel of photographic experts found a unique random pattern of wear on the rifle in the photograph which corresponded exactly to one on the Mannlicher-Carcano Oswald had purchased. Since the experts agreed this could not be faked, the rifle in the photograph had to be Oswald's.

Third, by microscopically examining the scratch marks that Oswald's Imperial Reflex camera distributed on all negatives pulled through it, which are the equivalent of camera fingerprints, the panel established unequivocally that the backyard photographs could only have been taken by Oswald's camera, just as Marina had testified. Moreover, using digital processing analysis and stereo optic viewing techniques that did not exist in 1963, the panel concluded there was no signs of having been faked. Even two experts who had previously disputed the authenticity of the photographs (using copies, rather than the original) now agreed that the photograph was genuine. In light of this evidence, there can be no serious doubt that Oswald possessed the murder weapon at the end of March 1963.

UseMarina Oswald testified to the Warren Commission that when Oswald left their house on April 10,1963, he left her dramatic instructions in Russian about what she should if he were arrested, killed or had to go into hiding, and when he returned late that evening, he explained to her that he had just attempted to kill General Edwin Walker with his rifle. Her testimony is corroborated by three elements of evidence.First, the Russian handwriting in the note has been unequivocally identified as that of Oswald by the questioned documents experts of both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee. The note, which contains details that date it, confirms that Oswald expected to be killed, arrested or a fugitive the week of April 10th 1963.

Second, photographs of Walker's house taken from the position were the sniper fired at Walker were found among Oswald's possessions after the Kennedy assassination. Photographic experts established these photographs were taken with Oswald's imperial reflex camera. By referring to construction work in the background, the FBI was able to determine that the photographs were taken on March 9th or 10th (which was just about the date Oswald ordered the Mannlicher Carcano). Such photographs show that Oswald had reconnoitered Walker's house.Third, the previously-discussed Neutron Activation Analysis done in 1977 exactly matched the metallic elements found in the bullet that was recovered in Walker's home to the batch of Mannlicher-Carcano ammunition used in Oswald's rifle in the assassination of Kennedy.So we know the murder weapon was purchased, delivered and shown off in an inscribed photograph, and used in a prior attempted assassination by Oswald. 

5. Was Oswald at the sniper's window on the sixth floor of the depository where the murder weapon was found.The best evidence here is three palm prints (which are as uniquely identifiable as fingerprints) found on the boxes stacked in front of the window to support the rifle and the nearby paper sack which was long enough to accommodate the Mannlicher Carcano. FBI experts matched them to Oswald hands. ( A fourth palm print, found on one box, belonged to an unidentified individual). The House Select Committee's fingerprint panel unanimously confirmed this evidence. Since the "freshness" of palm prints is of limited duration, it was further determined that Oswald had handled those boxes and paper sack either the day of the assassination or the preceding day. Moreover, two witnesses testified he carried the paper sack into the depository that morning. So we know Oswald arranged the boxes used by the sniper and handled the paper sack within 24 hours of the assassination and, if the witnesses are correct, brought the sack to the sniper's window the morning of the assassination.

6. Was Oswald framed?Whereas there is no doubt that Oswald's rifle was used to shoot President Kennedy, the possibility exists it was used by another party to frame Oswald.

If Oswald was totally innocent, his activities after the assassination would reflect his lack of knowledge and involvement in the event. Instead, the evidence is persuasive that he fled the building after the assassination, changed his clothing, armed himself, fatally shot a policeman resisted arrest by attempting to shoot another policeman, and, after his arrest, lied repeatedly to his interrogators about owning the rifle, appearing in the backyard photograph with the rifle, and using the alias "Hidell" (which he purchased both the rifle and pistol).The best evidence that he shot the policeman, J.D. Tippit, is that the cartridge cases found at the murder scene matched the firing pin of the revolver taken out of Oswald's hand when he was arrested.

The FBI determined no all other weapon could have ejected these cartridges-- and these conclusions were reaffirmed by the Select Committee's firearms panel. Oswald admission that he had decided only on the spur of the moment to fetch this weapon effectively rules out the possibility he was framed since no one but Oswald could have known he would be carrying it.In addition, five witnesses identified Oswald from the police line up as either the person who shot Tippit or the person who fled from the scene with a gun in hand. The House Select Committee produced an additional witness who testified he saw Oswald stand over the downed policeman and fire a bullet into his head.His post-arrest actions, especially his mendacity in consistently denying ownership of the rifle to representatives of the FBI, Secret Service, Post Office, and district attorney, further indicate consciousness of guilt about owning the rifle.

This would not be consistent with the behavior of a framed and innocent man -- who believed his rifle was still wrapped in a blanket in a friend's garage.While none of this evidence is unimpeachable-- no evidence is-- and none of it proves that Oswald was the only person involved in the shooting of Kennedy, Tippit or General Walker, it convinces me that he was involved in the assassination.

The Conspiracy Question One question, perhaps the only one that still matters, cannot be answered by the state's evidence: was Oswald part of a conspiracy?

 As we have seen, the re-investigations of the assassination have left unresolved the issue of whether or two shooters were involved but, even if they had definitively established, as the Warren Commission attempted to do, that a lone gunman had fired all the shots on November 22nd 1963, it would not logically diminish the possibility that the assassination resulted from a conspiracy.Conspiracies do not necessarily require more than one rifleman to accomplish their purpose. In many cases, such as the highly-sophisticated Rightist conspiracy in France to assassinate President Charles De Gaulle, a single "Jackal" rifleman was employed. One accurate rifleman might be preferable to a conspiracy when it is expected that the intended victim could be protected by his bodyguard immediately after the first shot is fired, because each additional snipers would increase the chances of detection, both before and after the act, but not necessarily increase the probability of success.

Moreover, if multiple gunmen are captured (or killed), it would be difficult to divert the investigation away from the conspiracy, whereas a lone gunman, especially if killed himself, can be dismissed as a lone lunatic.

The larger issue then is: was Oswald, whether firing alone or in tandem, acting at the behest of others.Oswald was not, to be sure, the sort of well-adjusted individual with whom most people would want to associate. He was wantonly self-destructive (e.g. his suicide attempt in Moscow); militantly hostile towards symbols of authority (e.g. the threat he made to blow up the FBI headquarters in Dallas); contemptuous of legal restraints (e.g. his plan to hijack an airliner to get to Cuba) and homicidal (e.g. his brutal murder of Tippit). As early as 1960, he expressed a cold-blooded willingness to commit political murder in a letter he presciently wrote his brother from Moscow:

"What I say now I do not say lightly or unknowingly ... I would kill any American who put a uniform on in defense of the American Government, Any American". The one position that such unrestrained aggression would not exclude a person for employment would be a political assassin.In this context, the bullet Oswald coolly fired at General Walker was, whether he meant it to be or not, an advertisement of his willingness to kill or be killed for a political cause. Less than a week before he went out to assassinate Walker he distributed an inscribed photograph of himself to De Mohrenschildt (and perhaps others). It showed him dressed in black, armed to kill with a rifle and telescopic sight, and holding in his hand the radical newspaper, The Militant. When he went to Mexico to offer himself to the Cubans, he brought with him the tell-tale photographs of Walker's house to establish his bona fides as a revolutionary.

Was his have gun, will kill message picked up of any antennae that summer? Just as De Mohrenschildt and Marina learned of his assassination attempt, so may have others in pro-Castro, anti-Castro and other fringe groups he was active with in the summer of 1963 (not to mention the various intelligence and police agencies monitoring his movements).There couldn't be that many potential assassins hanging around the militant peripheries of the Cold War with Oswald's perverse virtues: a convenient defector background, military training, complete disregard for human life, including his own, and possession of a rifle he was more than ready to use. Here was as assassin awaiting a mission.

Did anyone pick him up as a shooter-- or, lacking a sponsor but finding an opportunity, did he act alone?

http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/conspiracy_theories/Primer/Primer_of_assassination_theories.html