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Confucius Confucius (Chinese: ???; pinyin: Kong Fuzi; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kong,"[1] September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings andphilosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese,Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such asLegalism (??) or Taoism (??) during the Han Dynasty[2][3][4] (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (??). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first toLatinise the name as "Confucius." His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (??), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius,[5][6] but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (??) (author). Listen to Confusius live Confusius Clip One
Chinese philosophy
Ancient philosophy
???
Full name
?? Kong Qiu
Birth
September 28, 551 BC
Qufu, China
Death
479 BC
Qufu, China
School/tradition
Founder of Confucianism
Main interests
Moral philosophy, Social philosophy, Ethics
Notable ideas
Confucianism
Confusius Clip Two
Confusius Clip Three
Confusius Clip Four
Confusius Clip Five
Personal life and family According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC, in theSpring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province). Early accounts say that he was born into a poor but noble family that had fallen on hard times.[9] The Records of the Grand Historian (??), compiled some four centuries later, indicate that the marriage of Confucius's parents did not conform to Li (?) and therefore was a yehe (??), or "illicit union",[10] for when they got married, his father was a very old man and past proper age for marriage but his mother was only in her late teens. His father died when Confucius was three years old,[11] and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social ascendancy linked him to the growing class of shì (?), a class whose status lay between that of the old nobility and the common people, that comprised men who sought social positions on the basis of talents and skills, rather than heredity. As a child, Confucius was said to have enjoyed putting ritual vases on the sacrifice table.[10] He married a young girl named Qi Quan (??) at 19 and she gave birth to their first child Kong Li (??) when he was 20. Confucius is reported to have worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk and book-keeper.[12] His mother died when Confucius was 23, and he entered three years of mourning. Confucius is said to have risen to the position of Justice Minister (???) in Lu at the age of 53.[13] According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the neighboring state of Qi (?) was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful. Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu. The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving, so Confucius waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized this pretext to leave both his post and the state of Lu.[10][14] According to tradition, after Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey (or set of journeys) around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei (?), Song (?), Chen (?) and Cai (?).[15]At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented. According to the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals, when he was 68[13] Confucius returned home. The Analects pictures him spending his last years teaching disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.[16][17] Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples,[18][19] he died at the age of 72 or 73.[20]
Teachings
In the Analects ??, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing".[7] He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study,[21][22] and it is
the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect,
he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master.[23] Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world,[24] mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the
present to past political
events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and
reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes[25]).[26]
In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted
to restore the Mandate of Heaven“??” that could unify the "world" (i.e. China)
and bestow peace and prosperity on the people.[27] Because his vision of personal
and social perfections
was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often
considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often
shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political
agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed
to power on the basis of their moral merit, not their parentage;[28][29] these
would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection.[30]Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.[31]
One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise
self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, Confucius's ethics may be considered a type ofvirtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods
are conveyed more indirectly, through allusions, innuendo, and even tautology.
This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in
order to be understood.[32][33]
A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
- ??????,?:“????”????
- When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said,
"Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.- Analects X.11, tr. A. Waley
The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson
are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's, and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius, an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators, Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.[34]
Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form,
often called the silver rule:
- ???????????????????????????? ????????
- Adept Kung asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"
Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices
by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects.
In the centuries after his death, Mencius[35] andXun Zi[36] both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time, these writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism.
After more than a thousand years, the scholar Zhu Xicreated a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism,
to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects.
Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam[37] until the 1800s.
Names
- Michele Ruggieri, and other Jesuits after him, while translating Chinese books into Western languages, translated ??? as Confucius. This Latinised form has since been commonly used in Western countries.
- In systematic Romanisations:
- Kong Fuzi (or Kong fu zi) in pinyin.
- K'ung fu-tzu in Wade-Giles (or, less accurately, Kung fu-tze).
- Fuzi means teacher. Since it was disrespectful to call the teacher by name according to Chinese culture, he is known as just "Master Kong", or Confucius, even in modern days.
- The character 'fu' is optional; in modern Chinese he is more often called Kong Zi.
- His actual name was ??, Kong Qiu. Kong is a common family name in China.
(In Wade-Giles translation by D. C. Lau, this name appears as Kung Ch'iu.)
- His courtesy name was ??, Zhòng Ní.
- In 9 BC (first year of the Yuanshi period of the Han Dynasty), he was given his first posthumous name: ?????, Lord Baochéngxuan, which means "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni."
- His most popular posthumous names are
- ????, ????,Zhìshèngxianshi, meaning "The Former Teacher who Arrived at Sagehood" (comes from 1530, the ninth year of the Jianing period of the Ming Dynasty);
- ??,??, Zhìshèng, "the Greatest Sage";
- ??,??, Xianshi, literally meaning "first teacher". It has been suggested that '??' can be used, however, to express something like, "the Teacher who assists the wise to their attainment".[38]
- He is also commonly known as ????,Wànshìshibiao, "the Model Teacher" in Chinese.
Philosophy Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism lacks an afterlife, its texts express complex and ambivalent views concerningdeities, and it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of the soul. Confucius' principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and, according to later interpreters, of husbands by their wives), and the family as a basis for an ideal government. He expressed the well-known principle, "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself" (similar to the Golden Rule). He also looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. Because no texts survive that are demonstrably authored by Confucius, and the ideas associated with him most closely were elaborated in writings that accrued over the period between his death and the foundation of the first Chinese empire in 221 BC, many scholars are very cautious about attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Li is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that li originated from the heavens. Confucius's view was more nuanced. His approach stressed the development of li through the actions of sage leaders in human history, with less emphasis on its connection with heaven. His discussions of li seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony. In the early Confucian tradition, li, though still linked to traditional forms of action, came to point towards the balance between maintaining these norms so as to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. These concepts are about doing the proper thing at the proper time, and are connected to the belief that training in the li that past sages have devised cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when li must be adapted in light of situational contexts. In early Confucianism, yì (? [?]) and li are closely linked terms. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out ofself-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one based one's life upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good, an outcome of yì. This is doing the right thing for the right reason. Yì is based upon reciprocity. Just as action according to Li should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (?). Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, In this regard, Confucius articulated an early version of the Golden Rule: Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (li) and people's natural morality, While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth; thus honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. In discussing the relationship between a subject and his king (or a son and his father), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the wrong course of action. This was built upon a century after Confucius's death by his latter day disciple Mencius, who argued that if the king was not acting like a king, he would lose the Mandate of Heaven and be overthrown. Therefore, tyrannicide is justified because atyrant is more a thief than a king. Other Confucian texts, though celebrating absolute rule by ethical sages, recognise the failings of real rulers Some well known Confucian quotes: "When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them." "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others" "With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my crooked arm for a pillow -
Main article: Confucianism
Ethics
rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén
so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules
of yì. To cultivate one's attentiveness to rén one used another Confucian version of the Golden Rule: one must always treat others just as one would want others
to treat oneself. Virtue, in this Confucian view, is based upon harmony with
other people, produced through this type of ethical practice by a growing
identification of the interests of self and other.
Politics
rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: 1. "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be
given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no
sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) {The Great Learning} This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action,
instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.
in maxims such as, "An oppressive government is more feared than a tiger."
is not joy to be found therein? Riches and honors acquired through
unrighteousness are to me as the floating clouds"
Confucius (551-479 BC)
Wisdom
Chinese sage whose name is given to the ethical system of Confucianism.
He placed emphasis on moral order and observance of the established patriarchal family
and social relationships of authority, obedience, and mutual respect. His emphasis on tradition
and ethics attracted a growing number of pupils during his lifetime.
The Analects of Confucius, a compilation of his teachings, was published after his death.
Confucius was born in Lu, in what is now the province of Shangdong, and his early years were For bibliography, see Confucianism. (born 551 BC, Ch'ü-fu, state of Lu—died 479, Lu) Ancient Chinese teacher, philosopher, Woman who cooks beans and peas in same pot very unsanitary. Man who fart in church sit in own pew. Baseball very funny game--man with 4 balls no can walk!! Woman who dance while wearing jock strap have make believe ballroom. Man who fly plane upside down have crackup. Man with hole in pocket feel cocky all day. Secretary not permanent, till screwed on desk. A girl's best asset is her 'lie'ability. Support bacteria -- it's the only culture some people have! Man who run behind car get exhausted. Man who eat jellybean fart in technicolor. Man who go to bed with itchy butt wake with smelly finger. Baby conceived on back seat of car with automatic transmission grow up to be shiftless bastard. Boy who go to bed with sex problem wake up with solution in hand. Kotex not best thing on earth, but next to best thing. Man with athletic finger make broad jump. He who fishes in another man's well often catches crab. Man who speaks with forked tongue should not kiss balloons. Man who lose key to apartment not get new key. He who sitteth on an upturned tack shall surely rise. Even the greatest of whales is helpless in middle of desert. Man who argue with wife all day get no peace at night. Wash your face in the morning, neck at night. He who eats too many prunes, sits on toilet many moons. Elevator smell different to midget.
Woman who goes to man's apartment for snack, gets titbit. Man who lay woman on ground, get peace on earth. Man who gets kicked in testicles, left holding the bag. Man who kisses girl's behind, gets crack in face Passionate kiss like spider web--lead to undoing of fly. Man with holes in pocket, feels cocky all day. Man who fight with wife all day, get no piece at night. Virginity like balloon--one prick, all gone. Girls who rides bicycle, peddles ass all over town. Man who live in glass house, dress in basement. Man with penis in peanut butter is fucking nuts. Man who walk through airport door sideways is going to Bangkok. Man who drop watch in toilet, bound to have shitty time. Man who take lady on camping trip, have one intent.
"Man trapped in pantry have ass in jam." "Virgin like balloon. . . one prick, all gone." "Baseball wrong. . . man with four balls cannot walk." "Baby conceived in automatic car shiftless bastard." "Man who smoke pot choke on handle." "Ok for shit to happen. . . will decompose." "Secretary becomes permanent fixture when screwed on desk." "Don't drink and park, accidents cause people." "He who crosses the ocean twice without washing is a dirty double crosser." "Man who tell one to many light bulb jokes soon burn out." "It takes many nails to build crib, but one screw to fill it." "Never raise hands to angry child, it leave groin exposed." "Woman who cooks carrots and pees in same pot is unsanitary." "Man who keep feet firmly on ground have trouble putting on pants." "Man who runs behind car gets exhausted." "War not determine who's right, war determines who's left."
spent in poverty. Married at the age of 19, he worked as a minor official, then as a teacher.
In 517 there was an uprising in Lu, and Confucius spent the next year or two in the adjoining
state of Ch'i. As a teacher he was able to place many of his pupils in government posts but
a powerful position eluded him. Only in his fifties was he given an office, but he soon resigned
because of the lack of power it conveyed. Then for 14 years he wandered from state to state
looking for a ruler who could give him a post where he could put into practice his ideas for
relieving suffering among the poor. At the age of 67 he returned to Lu and devoted himself to
teaching.
At his death five years later he was buried with great pomp, and his grave outside Qufu has
remained a centre of pilgrimage. Within 300 years of his death, his teaching was adopted
by the Chinese state.
Confucius (k?nfy
`sh?s),
Chinese K'ung Ch'iu or K'ung Fu-tzu [Master K'ung], c.551–479? B.C., Chinese sage.
Positive evidence concerning the life of Confucius is scanty; modern scholars base their
accounts largely on the Analects, a collection of sayings and short dialogues apparently
collected by his disciples, and discard most of the later legends. Confucius was born in
the feudal state of Lu, in modern Shandong prov. Distressed by the constant warfare between
the Chinese states and by the venality and tyranny of the rulers, he urged a system of morality
and statecraft that would preserve peace and provide people with stable and just government.
He gathered about him a number of disciples, some occupying high positions,
although Confucius himself was at most granted an insignificant sinecure, possibly
because of his extremely outspoken manner toward his superiors. From about his 55th to
his 65th year he journeyed to several neighboring states, but he was never able to induce
any ruler to grant him high office so that he might introduce his reforms.
Later tradition depicts Confucius as a man who made special study of ancient books,
in an effort to restore an older social order. It is said that he was a minister of state
and the author, editor, or compiler of the Wu Ching [five classics] (see Chinese literature).
His supposed doctrines are embodied in Confucianism.
`sh?s), Chinese K'ung Ch'iu or K'ung Fu-tzu [Master K'ung], c.551–479? B.C., Chinese sage. Positive evidence concerning the life of Confucius is scanty; modern scholars base their accounts largely on the Analects, a collection of sayings and short dialogues apparently collected by his disciples, and discard most of the later legends. Confucius was born in the feudal state of Lu, in modern Shandong prov. Distressed by the constant warfare between the Chinese states and by the venality and tyranny of the rulers, he urged a system of morality and statecraft that would preserve peace and provide people with stable and just government. He gathered about him a number of disciples, some occupying high positions, although Confucius himself was at most granted an insignificant sinecure, possibly because of his extremely outspoken manner toward his superiors. From about his 55th to his 65th year he journeyed to several neighboring states, but he was never able to induce any ruler to grant him high office so that he might introduce his reforms. Later tradition depicts Confucius as a man who made special study of ancient books, in an effort to restore an older social order. It is said that he was a minister of state and the author, editor, or compiler of the Wu Ching [five classics] (see Chinese literature). His supposed doctrines are embodied in Confucianism.
Confucius
Chinese Kongfuzi or K'ung-fu-tzu
and political theorist. Born into a poor family, he managed stables and worked as a bookkeeper
while educating himself. Mastery of the six arts—ritual, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy,
and arithmetic—and familiarity with history and poetry enabled him to begin a brilliant teaching
career in his thirties.
Confucius saw education as a process of constant self-improvement and held that its primary
function was the training of noblemen (junzi). He saw public service as the natural consequence
of education and sought to revitalize Chinese social institutions, including the family, school,
community, state, and kingdom. He served in government posts, eventually becoming
minister of justice in Lu, but his policies attracted little interest. After a 12-year self-imposed
exile during which his circle of students expanded, he returned to Lu at age 67 to teach and write.
His life and thoughts are recorded in the
Lunyu(Analects). See also Confucianism.
Confusious Says
"Man who drop watch in toilet have shitty time."
- Be not ashamed of mistakes and thus make them crimes.
- Confucius
than by doing the right thing on somebody's else advice.
-
- Confucius
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- Confucius
-
- Confucius
-
- More quotations on: [Kindness]
new courage to face life cheerfully, have been Kindness, Beauty, and Truth.
The trite subjects of human efforts, possessions, outward success,
luxury have always seemed to me contemptible.
It is too full o' the milk of human kindness.
His little, nameless, unremembered acts of kindness and of love.
- He who will not economize will have to agonize.
- Confucius
- I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.
- Confucius
- Ignorance is the night of the mind, but a night without moon and star.
- Confucius
-
- More quotations on: [Ignorance]
retort to a heckler asking him to state his beliefs, Time, November 1, 1963
Ignorance is never better than knowledge.
can solve them.
When you do not know better, you do not really worry about failing.
for it requires knowledge to perceive it and therefore he
that can perceive it hath it not.
he would not be ignorant.
asking him to state his beliefs, Time, November 1, 1963
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is never better than knowledge.
alone in patches, alone in groups, alone in races, even alone in genders.
this he would not be ignorant.
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- Confucius
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- Confucius
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- Confucius
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- Confucius
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- More quotations on: [Respect]
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- Cicero (106 BC - 43 BC)
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- Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC)
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- George Bernard Shaw (1856 - 1950), "Man and Superman" (1903), act I
-
- James Howell
-
- Jane Addams (1860 - 1935), Speech, Honolulu (1933)
-
- John Herschel (1792 - 1871)
-
- Peter McArthur
-
- Spanish Proverb
-
- William Hazlitt (1778 - 1830)
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- William J. H. Boetcker
- Confucius
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- Confucius
too confident security.
nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no
safer in the long run than exposure.
Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.
They seem more afraid of life than death.
free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities.
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- Confucius
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- Confucius
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- Confucius
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What the superior man seeks is in himself; what the small man seeks is in others.
- Confucius
- Confucius
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- More quotations on: [Anger]
-
- Babylonian Talmud, tractate Gittin
-
Anger makes you smaller, while forgiveness forces you to grow beyond
what you were. -
- Cherie Carter-Scott, "If Love Is a Game, These Are the Rules"
-
- Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC)
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- Elizabeth I (1533 - 1603), in Francis Bacon, Apophthegms, 1625
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- Emily Dickinson (1830 - 1886), Poems, Second Series, 1891
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- Epictetus (55 AD - 135 AD)
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- Epictetus (55 AD - 135 AD)
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- Greg Evans, Luann (comic), September 27, 2003
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- Harriet Lerner, The Dance of Anger, 1985
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- Henry Ward Beecher (1813 - 1887)
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- Joan Lunden, in Healthy Living Magazine
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- Laurence J. Peter (1919 - 1988)
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- Malcolm X (1925 - 1965), Malcolm X Speaks, 1965
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- Mario Puzo (1920 - 1999), 'The Godfather'
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- Maxine Waters, in Brian Lanker, I Dream a World, 1989
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Confucius
- Confucius, Analects
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- Confucius, The Confucian Analects
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- Confucius, The Confucian Analects
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Confucius, The Confucian Analects
-
-
- Ali ibn-Abi-Talib (602 AD - 661 AD), A Hundred Sayings
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- Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC), Eudemian Ethics
-
- Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC), Nichomachean Ethics
-
- Arthur Brisbane, "The Book of Today"
-
- Carl Jung (1875 - 1961)
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- Cicero (106 BC - 43 BC), On Friendship, 44 B.C.
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- Cicero (106 BC - 43 BC), De Amicitia
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- Colette (1873 - 1954), The Pure and the Impure, 1932
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- Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), The Confucian Analects
- Do not protect yourself by a fence, but rather by your friends.
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- Dame Edna Everage (1934 - )
- You're supposed to trust friends. You have no reason to be his friend?
That is part of the pleasure of friendship: trusting without absolute evidence
and then being rewarded for that trust.
David Shore, House M.D., Not Cancer, 2008
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- Elbert Hubbard (1856 - 1915)
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- Franklin P. Jones, Saturday Evening Post, November 29, 1953
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- George Washington (1732 - 1799)
- Nobody sees a flower - really - it is so small it takes time - we haven't time - and to see takes time, like to have a friend takes time.
Georgia O'Keeffe (1887 - 1986)
Hugh Elliott, Standing Room Only weblog, May 8, 2003
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-
Jane Austen (1775 - 1817), Northanger Abbey
Jay Leno (1950 - )
Joseph Addison (1672 - 1719), The Spectator, March 17, 1911
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-
Laura Moncur, Merriton, 03-26-08
- It isn't kind to cultivate a friendship just so one will have an audience.
Lawana Blackwell, The Courtship of the Vicar's Daughter, 1998
Lois McMaster Bujold, Ethan of Athos, 1986
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-
Lois McMaster Bujold, A Civil Campaign, 1999
- If you make it plain you like people, it's hard for them to resist liking you back.
Lois McMaster Bujold, Diplomatic Immunity, 2002
- He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.
- Confucius, The Confucian Analects
me that its prototype was clearly invented at some time in history when torture
was considered a reasonable alternative to diplomacy.
Anna Quindlen (1953 - )
Evan Esar (1899 - 1995)
Jef Mallett, Frazz, 08-26-05
John M. Capozzi, Why Climb the Corporate Ladder When You Can Take the Elevator?
Joseph Addison (1672 - 1719), The Spectator, July 12, 1711
Marcus Valerius Martialis (40 AD - 103 AD)
T. Campbell and Gisele Lagace, Penny and Aggie, 09-12-05
Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826) He who speaks without modesty
will find it difficult to make his words good.
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Confucius, The Confucian Analects
Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), The Confucian Analects
I am not one who was born in the possession of nowledge;
I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there.
-
Confucius, The Confucian Analects
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Confucius, The Confucian Analects
- He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good.
Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), The Confucian Analects
- The firm, the enduring, the simple, and the modest are near to virtue.
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Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), The Confucian Analects
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-
- Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), The Confucian Analects
-
-
Edith Sitwell (1887 - 1964), As quoted in The Observer (30 April 1950)
-
-
Fran Lebowitz (1950 - ), Metropolitan Life, 1978
- Life is a long lesson in humility.
James M. Barrie (1860 - 1937)
- The loss of one's dignified bearing is often sudden.
Jerry Van Amerongen, Ballard Street, 09-02-06
- Be modest! It is the kind of pride least likely to offend.
Jules Renard (1864 - 1910)
- In America, they want you to accomplish these great feats, to pull off these David Copperfield-type stunts. You want me to be great, but you don't ever want me to say I'm great?
Kanye West, Rolling Stone, 2006
- You couldn't be that good and not know it, somewhere in your secret heart, however much you'd been abused into affecting public humility.
Lois McMaster Bujold, A Civil Campaign, 1999
-
-
Mark Twain (1835 - 1910)
-
-
Oscar Levant (1906 - 1972)
-
- It well becomes a young man to be modest.
Titus Maccius Plautus (254 BC - 184 BC)
- In peace there's nothing so becomes a man as modest stillness and humility.
- He with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful may be called intelligent indeed.
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Confucius, The Confucian Analects
-
- Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.
- Confucius, The Confucian Analects
- Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.
Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), The Confucian Analects
- Faith is a cop-out. If the only way you can accept an assertion is by faith, then you are conceding that it can't be taken on its own merits.
Dan Barker, "Losing Faith in Faith", 1992
- I always admired atheists. I think it takes a lot of faith.
Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider, Northern Exposure, Seoul Mates, 1991
-
-
George E. Woodberry
-
- Henry S. Haskins
-
- J. R. R. Tolkien (1892 - 1973)
-
-
Real Live Preacher, reallivepreacher.com weblog, September 4, 2003
-
- Real Live Preacher, RealLivePreacher.com Weblog, December 26, 2002
-
- Real Live Preacher, reallivepreacher.com weblog, September 4, 2003
-
- Real Live Preacher, RealLivePreacher.com Weblog, December 26, 2002
-
- Shakti Gawain
-
- Sophy Burnham
-
- Stanislaw Lem (1921 - 2006)
- Desire, ask, believe, receive.
-
Stella Terrill Mann
- Whatever God's dream about man may be, it seems certain it cannot come true unless man cooperates.
-
-
Stella Terrill Mann
-
- William Hazlitt (1778 - 1830)
- He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat.
-
William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616), "Much Ado about Nothing", Act 1 scene 1
-
- I respect faith, but doubt is what gets you an education.
- Wilson Mizner (1876 - 1933)
- I am not one who was born in the possession of nowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there.
-
Confucius, The Confucian Analects
On The Grocery Store A father and his son go into the grocery store when they happen upon the condom aisle. The son asks his father why there are so many different boxes of condoms. The father replies, " Well, you see that 3-pack? That's for when you're in high school. You have 2 for Friday night and 1 for Saturday night." The son then asks his father, " What's the 6-pack for? " The father replies, " Well, that's for when you're in college. You have 2 for Friday night, 2 for Saturday night, and 2 for Sunday morning." Then the son asks his father what the 12-pack is for. The father replies, " Well, that's for when you're married. You have one for January, one for February, one for March, one for....." Sucking Your Thumb The first man said, "My Ryan loved to fly, so I'm going up in a plane and scatter his ashes in the sky." The second man said, "My Ross was a good fisherman, so I'm going to scatter his ashes in our favorite lake." The third man said, "My Jack was such a good lover, I think I'm going to dump his ashes in a pot of chili, so he can tear my ass up just one more time." "You're in a restricted fishing area," he informs her. "But, Officer, I'm not fishing. Can't you see that?" "But you have all this equipment, Ma'am. I'll have to take you in and write you up." "If you do that I will charge you with rape," snaps the irate woman. "I didn't even touch you," grouses the sheriff. "Yes, that's true....but you have all the equipment..."
|
College Sweaters
Three women at the doctors office. The first one goes in to see the doctor. When the doctor goes to examine her he notices a big Y on her chest.
The doctor asks, " Why do you have a big Y on your chest?"
She replys, " Well, my boyfriend went to Yale and when we make love he likes to wear his college sweater."
The doctor nods and continues on with the next patient. When he examines her he notices a big H on her chest.
Agian, the doctor asks, " How did you get a big H on your chest?" The woman replys " My husband went to Harvard and when we make love he likes to wear his college sweater."
The doctors just nods his head and continues on with the last patient. As he examines her he notices once again that this woman also has a letter on her chest. A large H.
He says, " Dont tell me, your boyfriend went to Michigan?"
" NO" replys the patient " But my girlfriend went to Wisconsin"
Your Nose Looks Too Long
A man moves into a nudist colony. He receives a letter from his mother asking him to send her a current picture. Too embarrassed to let her know that he lives in a nudist colony, he cuts one in half and sends her the top part.
Later he receives another letter asking him to send a picture to his grandmother. The man cuts another picture in half, but accidentally sends the bottom half. He is really worried when he realizes that he sent the wrong part, but then remembers how bad his grandmother's eyesight is and hopes she won't notice.
A few weeks later he receives a letter from his grandmother. It says, " Thank you for the picture. Change your hair style...it makes your nose look too long."
Confucius - Disciples and legacy
Confucius' disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. While relying heavily on Confucius' ethico-political system, two of his most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. Mencius(4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and li, while Xun Zi (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training.
This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the Qin state conquered all of China. Li Ssu, Prime Minister of theQin Dynasty convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to theZhou Dynasty before them which he saw as counter to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Ssu had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned - considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.
Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under Wudi, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th Century. As Moism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Lao-tzu, whose focus on more mystic ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion, which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era.
During the Song Dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different, and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control. In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in theCommunist Party of China. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th Century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the Qing Dynasty to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th Century.
In modern times, Asteroid 7853, "Confucius," was named after the Chinese thinker.
Quote: "Respect yourself and others will respect you."
Quote: "Today I have seen Lao-tzu and can only compare him to the dragon."[39]
Memorial ceremony of Confucius
The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of
Confucius (??) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from
Zhou Li ?? as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius' birth.
This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs where it is held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s, did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even communist party members may be found in attendance.
In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (Kuomingtang) strongly promoted Confucius's works, words are studied by many scholars in many other Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, Vietnam, etc. And many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year. The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China[40]. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687.[41] It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of theEnlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.[42][43] The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as was Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages. [44]
Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of memorial ceremony of
Confucius (??) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars,
much as Father's Day does in the West.
Influence in Asia and Europe
Home town
Soon after Confucius' death, Qufu, his hometown in the state of Lu and now in present-day Shandong Province, became a place of devotion and remembrance. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many Chinese people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the Buddha, Laozi and Confucius are found together. There are also many temples dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucianist ceremonies.
Descendants
Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang first bestowed the title of "Marquis Wenxuan" on Kong Sui of the 35th generation. In 1055, Emperor Zhenzong of Song first bestowed the title of "Duke Yansheng" on Kong Zong of the 46th generation. Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius. Te-Chang died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, died in 1989. His grandson, Kung Tsui-chang, was born in 1975, the 79th lineal descendant, and his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on January 1, 2006. His sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman.[45]
Today, there are thousands of reputed descendants of Confucius.[46] The main lineage fled from the Kong ancestral home in Qufu to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The fifth edition of the Confucius genealogy will be printed in 2009 by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee (CGCC).[47]
References
- ^ More commonly abbreviated to Chinese: ??; pinyin: Kongzi; see Names section
- ^ Ban 111, vol.56
- ^ Gao 2003
- ^ Chen 2003
- ^ Zhang 1899, p. 111
- ^ Liu 2005, section 3
- ^ a b The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, VII.1
- ^ Kang 1958
- ^ Chien 1978
- ^ a b c Sima 109 BC - 91 BC, vol.47
- ^ Chien 1978, p. 25
- ^ Legge 1895, Book 5, V
- ^ a b Temple Of Confucius, 2001
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, XVIII.4
- ^ Chien 1978, pp. 37-46
- ^ Watson 1996
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, IX.14
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, XI.8, 9, 10 and 11
- ^ Classic of Rites 300 BC, Tangong Part 1
- ^ Chien 1978, pp. 50-53
- ^ Chien 1978, pp. 117-120
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, I.1
- ^ Gu 1658, vol. 51, sec. 9
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, III.3; VI.13 and XVII.11
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, XIII.5; XVII.9
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, VI.25
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, XVI.2
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, XIV.9
- ^ Zhang 2002, p. 208
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, VI.24 and 30; XIV.16 and 17
- ^ The Analects 479 BC - 221 BC, II.20; XII.19
- ^ Derrida 1983, p. 63
- ^ Du 2005
- ^ Lee 1995, pp. 1-3
- ^ Legge 1895
- ^ Xun 325 BC - 238 BC
- ^ Li 2005
- ^ Zhang 1988, p. 76
- ^ This quote has been attributed by some scholars to a later student of Confucius as an attempt to create a meeting between Confucius and Lao-tzu which may never have occurred.
- ^ The first was Michele Ruggieri who had returned from China to Italy in 1588, and carried on translating in Latin Chinese classics, while residing in Salerno
- ^ "Windows into China", John Parker, p.25
- ^ "Windows into China", John Parker, p.25, ISBN 0890730504
- ^ "The Eastern origins of Western civilization", John Hobson, p194-195, ISBN 0521547245
- ^ Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth
- ^ Kong Demao, The House of Confucius (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1988).
- ^ Confucius says: Too many descendants : Mail & Guardian Online
- ^ "New Confucius Genealogy out next year", China Internet Information Center (2008). Retrieved on 1 November 2008. "With a history of over 2,500 years covering more than 80 generations, and the longest family tree in the world according to the Guinness Book of Records, the fifth edition of the Confucius Genealogy will be printed in several volumes in 2009, according to an organizer of the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee (CGCC)."
- "Windows into China", John Parker, ISBN 0890730504
- "The Eastern origins of Western civilization", John Hobson, ISBN 0521547245
Further reading
- Chin, Annping (2007). The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-74-324618-7.
- Confucius. (1997). Lun yu, (In English The Analects of Confucius). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04019-4.
- Confucius. (2003). Confucius: Analects -- With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BC) ISBN 0-87220-635-1.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia of Religion (Vol. C, pp 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA.
- Herrlee Glessner Creel (1949). Confucius and the Chinese Way. (Reprinted numerous times by various publishers.)
- Mengzi (2006). Mengzi. Translation by B.W. Van Norden. In Philip J. Ivanhoe & B.W. Van Norden, Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-780-3.
- Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). Confucius and the Analects: New Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-513396-X.
- Wu, J. (1995a). "Confucius". In I. McGreal (ed.), Great Thinkers of the Eastern World: The Major Thinkers of the Philosophical and Religious Classics of China, India, Japan, Korea and the world of Islam (pp 3–8). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270085-5
- Wu. J. (1995b) "Mencius". In I. McGreal (ed.), Great Thinkers of the Eastern World: The Major Thinkers of the Philosophical and Religious Classics of China, India, Japan, Korea and the world of Islam (pp 27–30). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270085-5
- Confucius appears as one of the main characters in Gore Vidal's Creation (novel). The book gives a very sympathetic and human portrait of him and his times.
External links
- Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects
- Confucius entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Jeffrey Riegel
- Works by Confucius at Project Gutenberg
- Confucian Analects (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation)
- ???? (Confucius' Genealogy) (in Traditional Chinese): a table shows the immediate ancestors and direct descendants of Confucius
External links
- Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects
- Confucius entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Jeffrey Riegel
- Works by Confucius at Project Gutenberg
- Confucian Analects (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation)
- ???? (Confucius' Genealogy) (in Traditional Chinese): a table shows the immediate ancestors and direct descendants of Confucius
