THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF LONDON PART ONE
London, more than any other city, has a secret history concealed from view.
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Another
famous occultist of the 20th century was Dion Fortune, who left Alpha
et Omega and joined another Golden Dawn derivative, the Stella Matutina
(Morning Star), a group originally known as the Mystic Rose or Order of
the M R in the Outer. Fortune left because she feared she was under
psychic attack, and proceeded to write the definitive book on psychic
and occult protection. In 1924 she formed her own
cult, the Fraternity of the Inner Light, which met in Primrose Hill.
In
1960 the French poet and occultist Jean Cocteau, an alleged Grand
Master of the Priory of Sion, visited the Church of Notre Dame de France
in Leicester Square. Here, he created a mural (centre left) dedicated
to the Virgin Mary, which features a Black Sun and references layer upon
layer of veiled knowledge.
The year 2000 came and went, with the
only homage to the millennium being the creation of a ‘dome’ (now called
the ‘O2’), which was nestled in one of the curvatures of the serpent
Thames.
However, the previous year, 1999, had seen the creation of an even more esoterically potent edifice, the London Eye.
This huge, slow-moving Ferris wheel amusement ride stands majestically on the banks of the
Thames.
The structure dominates the landscape, recalling many occult circular
symbols, from the zen -like concepts of completeness and wholeness, to
the brutal death
of heretics upon the Catherine Wheel.
It also includes a brazen
Masonic compass in its centre, as well as being named after another
ancient occult symbol, the all-seeing eye.
The ‘Eye’ became a
powerful part of the landscape in a very short period of time and one
that is colourfully lit during special occasions, such as New
Year’s Eve.
Fast
forward to 2012 and the London Olympics, whose logo inexplicably
resembles the word ‘Zion’ and whose stadium sits amidst symbolically
named
streets. One wonders how much invisible influence occult powers may have in Parliament.
The
foundations of London’s occult traditions run wide and deep and
represent a microcosm of the esoteric tradition the world over. If
history is any indication, it is unlikely these traditions will fade any
time soon, although they may move underground, much the same as
London’s forgotten rivers, in order to survive.
In next weeks edition of the Global Watch
Weekly we will continue to delve into the hidden mysteries of London as we take a deeper look at the City of
London as the financial capital of the world.
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Welcome to the Global Watch Weekly Report
When London was chosen to host the Olympics for 2012 it put the capital of the United Kingdom back into the spotlight.
Yet London, more than any other city, has a secret history concealed from view.
Behind the official façade promoted by the heritage industry, lies a city
of esoteric traditions and obscure institutions, of lost knowledge and hidden locations.
Encompassing
a historical panorama from the Elizabethan age to the present day, when
one peels back the history of London we are introduced to the magic of
Dr Dee and Simon Forman, the rise of the Kabbalah and the occult designs
of Wren and Hawksmoor. Elsewhere we meet figures such as Spring-Heeled
Jack and the Highgate Vampyre, and occult organizations from the
Invisible College to the Golden Dawn.
In the run up to the Olympics
for the next 3 weeks, we will be focusing on London and its secret
origins, as one of the most, if not the most powerful capital in the
world.
London has been inhabited for thousands
of years and the diversity of its settlements has resulted in a rich, if
not peculiar, collection of occult traditions.
The earliest humans
hunted here over four hundred thousand years ago. While a rich abundance
of wildlife and
a strategic riverside base would have attracted many different colonies
of people, one wonders how the ancients truly saw their landscape, and
how many were drawn here due to the distinctive snake-like curvature of
the River
Thames.
The serpent is one of the oldest occult symbols,
representing many esoteric concepts, including duality, good and evil,
and harmony with the earth.
Thanks to the wonders of technology, an
image of the serpent in the form of the winding Thames has been
broadcast daily to millions of viewers across the globe for nearly three
decades, courtesy of the television programme Eastenders, whose opening
credits feature the unique landscape from the air.
Like other ancient settlements in Europe, London was inhabited by megalithic societies who
constructed
stone circles and burial mounds. The Iron Age introduced more
sophisticated settlements and hill forts which, sadly, can only really
be appreciated today by aerial
photography. These include settlements at Wimbledon Common, Heathrow
and the present-day Houses of Parliament, to name a few.
Urbanisation
has all but erased the megalithic footprint of London, but some
remnants, such as Primrose Hill, with its curious burial mound and
breathtaking views of London, remain. In fact, Primrose Hill would
become a haunt of occultists William Blake and Dion Fortune, amongst
others, and plans, albeit later aborted, would be made to
construct a colossal pyramid burial complex on top of the hill, complete with over five million honeycomb-shaped tombs.
There
is considerable evidence for occult practices having occurred in London
in ancient times: beeswax effigies, thought to be five thousand years
old, have been found in the Thames, representing man’s attempt at
harnessing occult powers via shamanism and many stylised Bronze Age
swords have also been discovered in the Thames,
suggestive of votive offerings to
Celtic deities.
Similarly, albeit over a thousand years later, a
golden-horned, apparently ceremonial Viking helmet was discovered in the
Thames, near Water- loo.
The amazing artefact is unique in Europe
and appears to reinforce the occult tradition of London’s ancestors and
their reverence for the serpentine
river.
The Trojan leader Brutus
established a city here in 1100 BCE and named it Troia Nova, or
Trinovantum. Later, the 1st-century BCE King Lud renamed it Caer Lud,
which evolved into Caerlundein, Londinium and finally London. It is said
that giants lived in London in Brutus’s day and that he captured two,
Gog and Magog, and
employed them as porters at the gate of his palace.
Brutus
is also associated with another legend, the London Stone, a curious
rock of which little is known for certain. Some say it came from Troy,
others believe it was a druid stone or even the stone from which Arthur
extracted Excalibur.
A medieval
proverb states, “So long as the stone of Brutus is safe, so long shall
London flourish.” William Shakespeare wrote about the stone and,
intriguingly,
many believe that his plays were actually written by Francis Bacon or
Christopher Marlowe, both of whom were esoterically connected. Another
London occultist, William Blake, wrote of the London Stone in his poem,
Jerusalem (1820): “At length he sat on London Stone and heard
Jerusalem’s voice.” Clearly, the relic once cast a magical spell on the
city. Sadly, it is now embedded in an abandoned building across from
Cannon Street Tube Station, its former glory but a distant memory.
HAIL THE ROMANS
The
arrival of the Romans marked a significant milestone in the evolution
of London’s occult tradition and in 54 BCE Julius Caesar and his men
crossed the Thames in West London, signalling the new era. The Romans
were especially threatened by
the Druids, who, according to Caesar, were involved in divine worship
and human sacrifice,
including the burning of prisoners, or even innocents, in ‘wicker men’.
Sure
enough, London’s native tribes appear to have paid homage to their gods
for protection from the Romans, as indicated by a decorative bronze
shield with inlaid coloured glass found in the Thames near Battersea
that dates to this time.
The original inhabitants of London were
incredibly resilient and fought bravely to maintain their cultural
identity. One hundred years later Queen Boudica sacked the city and
soundly, if not brutally, defeated the Romans in retaliation for the
rape of her daughters and the killing of the Druids; but the
Romans would soon avenge this attack and all but extinguish the Druids and their largely oral occult traditions.
The Roman invasion changed the landscape, language, culture and thought process of native Britons forever.
There
are many museum exhibits in London that document these changes via
artefacts and re-creations. From an occult perspective there was a less
tangible, but no less fundamental, change in consciousness starting to
take place: the introduction of Mithraism, and the theology of ‘as
above, so below’.
Not much is known of this
ancient mystery school, other than it involved Mithras, the Roman God
of Light, but we do know that it also involved the ritualistic slaughter
of bulls and included a sevengrade system of initiation. Like the
Masonic rituals that would be conducted some fifteen hundred years later
in London’s Grand Lodge, Mithraism
included ritual meals and a secret handshake.
The
Romans conducted their rituals in underground temples called mithraea,
and several of these evocative temples have been discovered in London,
including one remarkable 60-feet long, 26-feet wide temple beneath the
now
underground River Wallbrook. The origins of Mithraism are uncertain,
although it is known to have been popular amongst Roman soldiers, most
likely because it provided a comforting framework for the afterlife, and
understandably so.
In their profession a premature death was almost inevitable.
The
cult is thought to be Roman or Persian in origin and the name
‘mi-it-ra’ has been found inscribed in a 1400 BCE peace treaty between
the Hittites and the kingdom of Mitanni in Northern Syria. This is
interesting, for both regions have a rich tradition of bull veneration
and each was contemporary with Dynastic Egypt, where I believe
the
tradition of Mithraism originated. In Egypt, the slaughter of Apis
(‘bee’ in Latin) bulls resulted in 1,000 souls, represented as bees,
being born out of the body of the dead bull.
The occult tradition of bull slaughter,
which is referenced in the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Egyptian Opening of the Mouth ceremony, commemorates
what
the ancients observed in the constellation of Taurus: a hunter killing a
bull with distinctive marks (3 stars) on its forehead, just as the Apis
bull has distinctive marks on its forehead.
I believe
London’s adoption of the occult tradition of ‘as above so below’ can
also be found in the legend of King Arthur, whom every Celtic nation
claims as their own,
most notably England. In a recent documentary on King Arthur that I presented for the National Geographic Channel,
I
expressed my belief, much to the producer’s chagrin, that the ambiguity
around Arthur’s origins is due to the fact that he never existed.
Rather,
he was an archetypical hero, who lived in the constellation of Ursa
Major, known as the ‘Great Bear’, meaning Arthur. Man would have
observed
the Big Dipper, which resembles a platter (the object that was
considered to be the Grail in the first complete account) rotating
around the Pole Star, promising to return, sounds very much like the
Fisher King. And, of course, Arthur fought twelve battles and there were
twelve knights of the ‘round’ table; one for each of the twelve
constellations perhaps? Was the legend of King Arthur just another
archetype, much like Mithraism?
THE ARRIVAL OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
The
Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem was founded in 1099,
shortly after the First Crusade. Less than fifty years later they
established their headquarters at the Priory in Clerkenwell, the remains
of which are now a museum. Across town, the Knights Templar established
a base in High Holborn, in a Roman temple once revered by
Hugues de
Payens. The Knights Templar out- grew their headquarters and built
Temple Church between Fleet Street and
the River Thames, a round church based on the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre in Jerusalem. In keeping with their power elsewhere in Europe,
the Order installed the Master of Temple Church in Parliament, thus
ensuring that
their powerful occult views would become part of the nation’s legislature.
The
land between Fleet Street and the Thames was owned by the Knights
Templar and divided into Outer Temple and Middle Temple, with Temple
Church serving as Inner Temple.
Each existed
above the covered-up River Fleet and, in occult tradition, an
underground stream provides di-vine augmentation to rituals and
spiritual attainment.
Come the middle of
the 19th century the tale of Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet
Street, began to emerge. The gory urban myth appears to be without
historical merit, causing some to speculate that the legend of a serial
killer in the vicinity of the Templar
precinct may be a memory of former ritual sacrifices. Today a dragon
guards the entrance to Temple Bar and reminds one of the esoteric
traditions once practiced there.
Despite
the recent Hollywood movie starring Johnny Depp and Helena Bonham
Carter, the legend of Sweeny Todd has largely been superseded by one
that took place half a century later, in 1888, when a serial killer by
the name of Jack the Ripper murdered five women, forming a 5-sided
pentagram in the process and removing their organs along the
way,
including, in some instances, their hearts. Ritual killings continue in
London, and the river Thames continues to be the depository for the
ritual remains of victims. In recent years the analysis of limbless
torsos discovered in the Thames has prompted authorities to suspect
ritual murder and superstition as the reason for the crimes. This is not
a new tradition in London. The nursery rhyme, ‘London Bridge is
falling down’, is said by English Myths and Legends author Henry Bett
to be the folk
memory of the ancient practice of human sacrifice at the building of a bridge.
SUMMONING THE SPIRIT WORLD
A
belief in the occult appears to have helped London achieve prosperity
during periods of pending adversity. Dr. John Dee (1527-1608), who used a
crystal ball and scrying mirror to guide Queen Elizabeth through one of
the most challenging eras in British history, is perhaps the most
renowned example
But there are many other
examples of occult traditions in the court of the king and queen. Take,
for example, the peculiar tale of King Charles II (1630-1685), who
presented his mistress, a resident of West London, with a griffin. The
dog-like figure with wings fell into a local river, survived and ended
up in the Thames, near the point at which Caesar
had crossed. It was
later paired with a
second griffin that Joseph Banks, a scientist who accompanied Captain
Cook on his voyages, had brought backfrom an exotic island in the
Pacific Ocean. The account leads us to believe that the griffin may have
been a real animal, which multiplied before fading from history, only
to be seen once more in the
1980s, and on multiple occasions by various upstanding citizens of West London. Charles II also domesticated the ravens at the
Tower of London, a tradition summed up as follows:
“If
the Tower of London ravens are lost or fly away, the Crown will fall
and Britain with it.” The belief appears to stem from the legend of the
Celtic god, Brân the Blessed, whose name means ‘Blessed Raven’ in Welsh
and who was killed in an otherwise
successful battle against an
adversary, the Irish King, Matholwch. Brân’s head was buried beneath the
spot where the Tower now stands, facing France as a talisman against
further foreign invaders. Could the
legend of the griffin and the raven somehow be related?
Henry
VIII (1491-1547) created a religious revolt with great consequence when
he severed ties from Rome in an act known as the Dissolution of the
Monasteries.
Given the many cathedrals and orders that were
subsequently trans- formed into ruins, any number of different sects
could have been culpable of the act of desecration that awaited the king
after his death. On his way from London to Windsor, where he would be
buried, the King’s funeral procession rested overnight at Syon Abbey in
West London. In the morning it was discovered that wild dogs had ripped
open his casket and ravaged his body, leading some to speculate that the
attack was a
deliberate act of revenge enacted by a member or group of individuals from one of the aggrieved monastic orders he had defied.
PHOENIX RISING
The
Great Fire of 1666 devastated London, destroying
over 13,000 buildings. What is less widely known, however, is that
occult beliefs prevented an otherwise manageable outbreak from being
extinguished. This is confirmed by first-hand accounts of Londoners
whose belief in the Blackberry Under the Spotlight prophecies of Mother
Shipton and Nostradamus, each of whom was thought to have predicted the
catastrophic fire, led them to feel disempowered and unworthy of
extinguishing the fire and thus
saving the city from its destiny.
Out
of the ashes came a vision of a New Jerusalem, masterminded by the
Freemason and architect, Christopher Wren, who drew on the occult
traditions of the Kabbalah, and the tree of life in particular, in
addition to the sacred geometry of the Old Testament.
Wren
reintroduced the hallowed number of 2,000 cubits, or roughly 2/3 of a
mile, which represented the distance from the Mount of Olives to
Jerusalem (the furthest a Jew was allowed to walk during the Sabbath),
and
proposed that many of London’s newly-constructed buildings be set 2,000
cubits apart.
Foremost amongst Wren’s
impressive, occult inspired designs is Saint Paul’s Cathedral, which not
surprisingly is aligned 2,000 cubits from Temple Bar to the West and
2,000 cubits from St Dunstan’s in the East. Miraculously, the stunning
edifice survived the bombings of a world war, and it is no wonder that
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
addressed his staff each morning
with the pensive question; “Is Saint Paul’s still standing?” Poignantly,
Saint Paul’s is where Wren is buried. Fortunately for all, the fabulous
monument still stands like the esoteric beacon it was always intended
to be.
Other buildings erected after the
fire, such as the Monument and Nelson’s Column, were either designed
with occult-inspired dimensions or aligned to the solstices. Further,
Wren’s student Nicholas
Hawksmoor followed in the occult tradition by placing Egyptian obelisks
on top of churches, forming, in the estimations of some, a pentagram on
the
ground across London. The tradition of creating buildings with occult
dimensions had been reborn and continued in later periods of
development, such as the nude, winged statue of Anteros, the Greek
avenger God of requited love, erected in Piccadilly Circus in 1892, and
which was originally orientated in the direction of Parliament,
presumably to send ‘love’ and to produce greater synergies within
government.
King George III (1738-1820) was a remark- able
man and one of England’s many occult- minded kings. In 1769 George III
anxiously awaited the completion of an alchemist observatory in the
London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. In commissioning the work,
George III was creating his personal observatory and meridian, despite
the fact that the official and Royal Observatory and
merdian, the naval of the country, had been established in Greenwich a
hundred years earlier. The King was Blackberry Under the Spotlight
passionate about astronomy and instructed his architect, the renowned
occultist Sir William Chambers, to complete the work in time to view the
transit of Venus, which occurred that year on 3rd June.
Meridians
have existed since ancient times. While the placement of a meridian is
arbitrary, its function is quite specific: to project an imaginary line
across earth’s surface, stretching from the North Pole to the South
Pole, esoterically connecting all locations within a given longitude. In
the case of George III, he projected his own meridian straight down the
serpentine Thames, a stunning riverside landscape, rich in history and
renowned for its visionary inhabitants, innovators such as J M W Turner,
Alexander Pope, James Thompson, Horace Walpole, David Garrick and
William Hogarth, to
name a few. The Meridian was special, for it intersected sacred sites
along the way, which were
part of what George envisaged as a new Arcadia; a diamond in the rough – a paradise amidst the urban chaos of London.
DAWN OF OCCULTIST
Arguably
the greatest spiritual explorer of the 18th century, Emanuel Swedenborg
(1688-1722), hailed from Stockholm, but spent much of his time in
London. He eventually moved to Well close Square a former hotbed of
esoteric notables, including Rabbi Falk, ‘The Ba’al Shem of London’.
Also
in the 18th century the London-born poet, painter and esotericist
William Blake (1757-1827) became one of a long tradition of writers
whose work may need to be reconsidered in the context of a recent
discovery; not a temple, book or artefact, but a portal, supposedly
concentrated in the garden of Saint Marylebone Church.
The
portal is said by modern occultists to be a stargate to an alternative
dimension and consciousness, accessible only by initiates. The socalled
energy field/cosmic doorway is said to stretch all the way to Primrose
Hill, which is precisely the expanse of land that Blake was writing
about in his epic poem, Jerusalem. Lord Byron was born in the
church;
Francis Bacon was married there, as were Robert Browning and Elizabeth
Barrett. Lord Nelson had his daughter christened at the church and
Charles Dickens lived but a short distance away. May each have drawn on the occult energy of the portal to enhance their art?
As
the 20th century neared, London became esoterically linked to ancient
Egypt and other sacred cities, when an obelisk from the ancient capital
of Heliopolis was installed on the south bank of the Thames. Like Rome
and Paris before it, and New York shortly thereafter, London now
possessed one of the most highly
charged artefacts in the ancient
tradition, an Egyptian obelisk; a powerful talisman to the sun god.
Cleopatra’s
Needle, as the London obelisk is known, is flanked by two replica
sphinxes that appear to guard the ancient structure. In fact, sphinxes
adorn the whole of London’s Embankment, including armrests on the
benches along the Thames. In 1917, during World War I, a bomb from a
German air raid landed near the obelisk, but, inexplicably, produced no
real damage.
Had the sphinx protected London from a disastrous fate?
Come
World War II an urban myth arose in which British witches were said to
have gathered to assist Winston Churchill in deterring Hitler from
advancing on Britain. Given the occult traditions of London at this
time, who is to say that the witches did not play their part in the war
effort?
The Victorians were
obsessive about all matters of the supernatural and the legend of
Spring-Heeled Blackberry Under the Spotlight Jack, the Bogeyman of
London, persisted
throughout the reign of Queen Victoria. It is said
that the creature could walk through walls, had a pointed nose and ears
and fiery eyes. Half a century or so later the creature would return, or
so it would appear, this time as a 20th century apparition of a vampire
in High- gate Cemetery.
The legend of the
Highgate vampire has its roots in tales of creatures that roamed the
north London district of Dracula author Bram Stoker. The practice of
Satanism was not uncommon in London and some believe that the creature
with the fiery eyes was manifested by satanic rituals and remained in
this realm, only later becoming known as Spring-
Heeled Jack and the Highgate Vampire. Speculation aside, one wonders if the legend of
Dracula was inspired by London’s secret
traditions.
Cults Wars
The
Theosophical Society, co-founded by MadameBlavatsky (1831-1891),
introduced the notion that the evolution of mankind was governed by a
chosen elect known as the ‘brotherhood’. The Ukraine-born spiritualist
believed the occult and science worked in tandem, and the occult was
simply accessing realms that science had yet to conquer.
Not
surprisingly, her arrival in London in 1887 created quite a stir and
she promptly initiated W.B. Yeats, one of the foremost literary figures
of the 20th century , as well as Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, and
even Thomas Edison.
Despite its success at
displacing Victorian spiritualism, the Theosophical Society had its own
competition, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, whose first temple,
Isis Urania, was created by Samuel Liddell Mathers in 1888, and which
conducted its first
tomb-based rituals at Thavies Inn, off Holborn Circus. The ritual was
said to have
included the enactment of the death and rebirth of
Christian Rosencreuz, the founder of the Rosicrucian Order. The Golden
Dawn was alleged to have been based on rituals contained in a coded
‘cipher manuscript’. Others believed it was a ruse to compete with the
Theosophical Society.
Regardless, the
Golden Dawn grew rapidly, converting 50 members in its first year and
another 250 in its second, before starting to implode into more
offshoots than Clapham Station has train tracks.
Aleister
Crowley was initiated as the group began to fragment into various
offshoots, such as the Alpha et Omega which formed in around 1900.
Crowley had a fierce reputation as an occultist and his own mother
believed him to be the AntiChrist of the
Apocalypse and the ‘Great
Beast’. Crowley studied at Cambridge before moving to a flat at 67
& 69 Chancery Lane in London, where his occult studies flourished
with the help of a mentor by the name of Allan Bennett, who introduced
him to Buddhism. Here the two men sought to perform the ‘Abramelin
Operation’, an intense six-month Blackberry Under the Spotlight ritual
designed to conjure the Holy Guardian Angel.
One
account suggests that Crowley succeeded, for he is said to have
returned home one night only to find his door open and ‘semi-
materialised beings’ marching around his flat. Crowley had his hands in
all sorts of secret traditions, and despite his Masonic involvement
elsewhere in Europe, the United Grand Lodge of England denied him
admission.
Another famous occultist of the
20th century was Dion Fortune, who left Alpha et Omega and joined
another Golden Dawn derivative, the Stella Matutina (Morning Star), a
group originally known as the Mystic Rose or Order of the M R
in the Outer.
Fortune left because she
feared she was under psychic attack, and proceeded to write the
definitive book on psychic and occult protection. In 1924 she formed her
own cult, the Fraternity of the Inner Light, which met in Primrose Hill
In
1960 the French poet and occultist Jean Cocteau, an alleged Grand
Master of the Priory of Sion, visited the Church of Notre Dame de France
in Leicester Square. Here, he created a mural (centre left) dedicated
to the Virgin Mary, which features a Black Sun and references layer upon
layer of veiled knowledge.
The year 2000 came and
went, with the only homage to the millennium being the creation of a
‘dome’ (now called the ‘O2’), which was nestled in one of the curvatures
of the serpent Thames.
However, the previous year, 1999, had seen the creation of an even more esoterically potent edifice, the
London Eye.
This huge, slow-moving Ferris
wheel amusement ride stands majestically on the banks of the Thames. The
structure dominates the landscape, recalling many occult circular
symbols, from the zen -like concepts of completeness and wholeness, to
the brutal death of heretics upon the Catherine Wheel. It also includes a
brazen Masonic compass
in its centre, as well as being named after another ancient occult symbol, the all-seeing eye.
The
‘Eye’ became a powerful part of the landscape in a very short period of
time and one that is colourfully lit during special occasions, such as
New Year’s Eve.
Fast forward to 2012 and
the London Olympics, whose logo inexplicably resembles the word ‘Zion’
and whose stadium sits amidst symbolically named streets. One wonders
how much invisible influence occult powers may have in Parliament.
The
foundations of
London’s occult traditions run wide and deep and represent a microcosm
of the esoteric tradition the world over. If history is any indication,
it is unlikely these traditions will fade any time soon, although they
may move underground, much the same as London’s forgotten rivers, in
order to survive.
In next weeks edition of the Global Watch Weekly we
will continue to delve into the hidden mysteries of London as we take a
deeper look at the City of London as the financial capital of the
world.